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Beskrivande textFindings from a long-term study of the Baltic Sea reveal possible answers to issues of intense worldwide concern. As one of the best-investigated seas in the world for more than a century, the Baltic Sea has been subject to environmental protection measures endorsed by the international Helsinki Commission (HELCOM) in 1979. Now, based on a fifty-year study conducted by the Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research (abbreviated IOW for Leibniz-Institut fur Ostseeforschung Warnemunde), this book brings together an organized and comprehensive summary of their fascinating observations and findings.Written by well-known experts from IOW and other international institutes, this revealing book concentrates on long-term changes in the Baltic Sea - which can be extrapolated to shed light on the environmental problems of other shelf seas, brackish seas, and large estuaries - thereby contributing to our understanding of water exchange processes, eutrophication, and climatic impacts at the forefront of international concern.Covering meteorology, climate, physics, chemistry, and biology, this book serves as a reference source for research into the long-term evolution of environmental problems, offering causes, effects, and possible solutions. It covers a wealth of information, including: estuarine circulation and saltwater intrusions that dramatically affect ecosystems; extreme and special weather situations, including ice conditions; climatic trends and variability and satellite image analyses; sea state characteristics and wind-driven and internal currents and waves; coastline formation and sedimentary records; eutrophication, concentration, and fluctuation of nutrients and trace metals; phytoplankton, macrophytobenthos, zoobenthos, and fish stock; numerical modeling of the complex ecosystem; and, much more.An accompanying CD-ROM provides useful supplementary material such as oceanographic reference data; long-term observational data on weather, sea level, ice cover and plankton, hydrochemical and hydrophysical data; and selected color figures from the book. "State and Evolution of the Baltic Sea, 1952-2005" serves as an indispensable resource for students and scientists in oceanography, Baltic Sea research, environmental fields or the geosciences, marine biology, and politics.(Bookdata)
ÖvrigtRainer Feistel, PhD, is a physicist and oceanographer at IOW inWarnemunde, Germany, and is the author of four previous books. Gunther Nausch, PhD, is a senior marine chemist at IOW, where he works on nutrient cycles and long-term trend observations in the Baltic Sea. Norbert Wasmund, PhD, is a senior marine biologist at IOW, where he specializes in phytoplankton research and is responsible for biological monitoring.(Bookdata)
Innehållsförteckning1. Introduction.2. General oceanography of the Baltic Sea.2.1.Specific natural conditions and their consequences.2.2.Estuarine circulation.2.2.1.Long term exchange.2.2.2.Short term barotropic exchange.2.2.3.Stratification and mixing in the channels.2.2.4.Quantifying the stochastic salt exchange associated with the barotropic water exchange.2.3.Wind driven currents.2.3.1.Ekman current and transport.2.3.2.Upwelling and coastal jets.2.4.Surface waves, tides, seiches, surges.2.4.1.Surface gravity waves.2.4.2.Seiches and wind stau.2.4.3.Tides.2.5.Kelvin waves, topographic waves and eddies.2.5.1.Kelvin waves.2.5.2.Coastal trapped waves and continental shelf waves.2.5.3.Eddies.2.6.Internal waves, turbulence, diapycnical mixing.2.6.1.Introduction.2.6.2.Vertical mixing in the interior.2.7.References.3. The history of long-term observations in Warnemunde.3.1.Introduction.3.2.Ship-borne measurements at fixed stations.3.2.1.Basic oceanographic instrumentation for ship-borne measurements.3.2.2.Oceanographic observations in the 1950s and 1960s.3.2.3.International cooperation 1969-2005.3.2.4.Activities in the frame of BMP, 1979-2005.3.3.Buoy stations and measuring platforms.3.3.1.The first buoy stations.3.3.2.MARNET stations.3.3.3.Current meter stations in the central Baltic Sea.3.4.Parameters measured.3.5.Data quality.3.6.References110.4. Weather of the Baltic Sea.4.1.Introduction.4.2.Extreme weather conditions.4.2.1.Hurricanes, gales.4.2.2.Storm surges.4.3.Special weather situations.4.3.1.Baltic cyclones.4.3.2.Land and sea breeze.4.3.3.Warnemnder wind.4.3.4.General Vb- and Omega-weather types.4.4.Greenhouse effect.4.5.Acknowledgment.4.6.References.5. Baltic climate change.5.1.Introduction.5.2.Seasonal cycles.5.3.Climatic trends.5.4.Climatic variability.5.4.1.Year-to-year fluctuations.5.4.2.Decadal scale changes.5.4.3.Possible trigger mechanisms.5.5.Conclusions and outlook.5.6.References.6. Current Observations in the western Baltic Sea.6.1.Introduction.6.2.Great Belt and Fehmarnbelt.6.2.1.Great Belt.6.2.2.Fehmarnbelt.6.3.Arkona Sea West and Drogden Sill.6.3.1.Darss Sill.6.3.2.Drogden Sill.6.3.3.From Kriegers Flak to Hiddensee.6.4.Around Rgen.6.4.1.West off Hiddensee.6.4.2.Wittow.6.4.3.Kap Arkona.6.4.4.Tromper Wiek.6.4.5.From Landtief A to Jan Heweliusz.6.4.6.Oderbank.6.5.Conclusions.6.6.Acknowledgement.6.7.References.7. Sea state and tides.7.1.Sea state.7.1.1.History of observation and research.7.1.2.Observation and measurement.7.1.3.Sea state characteristics and wave generating factors.7.1.3.1.Wind sea characteristics.7.1.3.2.Wave height frequency distribution.7.1.3.3.Wave spectra.7.1.3.4.Wave generating and wave modifying factors (wind, fetch, wind duration, water depth).7.1.3.5.Special phenomena (air-sea temperature, currents, crossing seas).7.1.4.Calculation and forecast of the sea state.7.1.4.1.Empirical wave parameter calculation.7.1.4.2.Empirical wave spectra.7.1.4.3.Numerical models.7.1.5.Wave climatology.7.1.5.1.Open sea wave climate.7.1.5.2.Wave climate of the coastal zone.7.1.6.Extreme wave conditions.7.2.Tides.7.2.1.History of tidal research in the Baltic Sea.7.2.2.Theory of tides in the Baltic Sea and a proper model concept.7.2.3.Modelling of co-oscillating and direct tides.7.3.References.8. Ice.8.1.Introduction.8.2.The Baltic Sea and winter time maritime transportation.8.3.Frequency of ice occurrence in the Baltic Sea as well as mean and extreme ice parameters from representative stations in the period 1956 - 2005.8.4.Ice conditions in the Baltic Sea and adjacent waters in 1956 - 2005.8.4.1.Transition area between the North Sea and Baltic Sea.8.4.2.Western Baltic.8.4.3.Southern Baltic.8.4.4.Northern Baltic.8.4.5.Gulf of Riga.8.4.6.Gulf of Finland.8.4.7.Gulf of Bothnia.8.5.Classification of ice winters.8.5.1.Maximum extent of ice cover in the Baltic Sea 1720 - 2005.8.5.2.Ice winter severity indicator - Swedish coast.8.5.3.Ice winter severity indicator for the Southern Baltic Sea.8.5.4.Accumulated areal ice volume for the Weste(Bookdata)
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