Political Thought

This Oxford Reader contains 140 essential readings covering the most important debates in the Western political tradition and presents samples of the major political ideologies. Issues discussed include; the role of human nature in determining social arrangements; the political significance of gender differences; the justification for the powers of the state; democracy and the rights of minorities; the tension between liberty and equality; the way in which resources ought to be
distributed; and international relations. Authors range from Plato and Aristotle to Martin Luther King, Michel Foucault and Isaiah Berlin.

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PREFACE; INTRODUCTION; CHAPTER 1: HUMAN NATURE; INTRODUCTION; 1A: THE NATURAL STATE OF MANKIND; 1. ARISTOTLE: THE STATE EXISTS BY NATURE; 2. THOMAS HOBBES: THE MISERY OF THE NATURAL CONDITION OF MANKIND; 3. JOHN LOCKE: THE STATE OF NATURE AND THE STATE OF WAR; 4. BARON DE MONTESQUIEU: FEAR AND PEACE; 5. JEAN-JACQUES ROUSSEAU: THE NOBLE SAVAGE; 6. ROBERT OWEN: MAN'S CHARACTER IS FORMED FOR HIM; 7. KARL MARX AND FRIEDRICHENGELS: MAN AS A PRODUCTIVE BEING; 8. CHARLES DARWIN: NATURAL SELECTION; 9. CHARLES DARWIN: THE ADVANTAGE OF MORALITY; 10. PETER KROPOTKIN: MUTUAL AID; 1B: MAN'S NATURE AND WOMAN'S NATURE; 11. PLATO: WOMEN AS WEAKER PARTNERS; 12. ARISTOTLE: SEPARATE SPHERES; 13. JEAN-JACQUES ROUSSEAU: THE LIKENESS AND UNLIKENESS OF THE SEXES; 14. MARY WOLLSTONECRAFT: THE RIGHTS OF WOMEN; 15. JOHN STUART MILL: THE SUBJECTION OF WOMEN; 16. CAROL GILLIGAN: IN A DIFFERENT VOICE; 17. ALISON M JAGGAR: SOCIALIST FEMINISM AND THE STANDPOINT OF WOMEN; CHAPTER 2: THE JUSTIFICATION OF THE STATE; 2A WHAT IS THE STATE?; 18. JOHN LOCKE: POLITICAL POWER; 19. MAX WEBER: THE STATE AND COERCION; 2B THE SOCIAL CONTRACT; 20. THOMAS HOBBES: CREATING LEVIATHAN; 21. JOHN LOCKE: EXPRESS AND TACIT CONSENT; 22. JEAN-JACQUES ROUSSEAU: NATURAL FREEDOM AND THE FREEDOM OF THE CITIZEN; 23. IMMANUEL KANT: THE HYPOTHETICAL CONTRACT; 2CAGAINST THE SOCIAL CONTRACT; 24. DAVID HUME: THE IRRELEVANCE OF CONSENT; 25. JEREMY BENTHAM: UTILITY AS THE TRUE FOUNDATION; 26. G.W.F HEGEL: THE PRIORITY OF THE STATE OVER THE INDIVIDUAL; 27. H.L.A. HART: THE PRINCIPLE OF FAIRNESS; 2D: THE ANARCHIST RESPONSE; 28. MICHAEL BAKUNIN: SCIENCE AND THE PEOPLE; 29. ROBERT PAUL WOLFF: THE CONFLICT OF AUTONOMY AND AUTHORITY; 2E: CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE; 30. PLATO: THE DUTY OF OBEDIENCE; 31. HENRY DAVID THOREAU: THE DUTY OF DISOBEDIENCE; 32. MARTIN LUTHER KING: AN UNJUST LAW IS NO LAW; 33. JOHN RAWLS: CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE; CHAPTER 3: DEMOCRACY AND ITS DIFFICULTIES; 3A: AGAINST DEMOCRACY; 34. PLATO: RULING AS A SKILL; 35. FREDERICK THE GREAT: THE ENLIGHTENED DESPOT; 3B: DEMOCRATIC IDEALS; 36. JEAN-JACQUES ROUSSEAU: THE GENERAL WILL; 37. IMMANUEL KANT: FREEDOM AND EQUALITY; 38. JOHN STUART MILL: THE DEMOCRATIC CITIZEN; 39. JOHN RAWLS: MAJORITY RULE; 3C TRUE AND FALSE DEMOCRACY; 40. V.I. LENIN: BOURGEOIS AND PROLETARIAN DEMOCRACY; 41. CAROLE PATEMAN: PARTICIPATORY DEMOCRACY; 3D DANGERS IN DEMOCRACY; 42. ARISTOTLE: RULE OF THE PEOPLE AND RULE OF LAW; 43. JAMES MADISON: THE DANGER OF FACTION; 44. ALEXIS DE TOCQUEVILLE: TYRANNY OF THE MAJORITY; 3E DEMOCRACY AND BUREAUCRACY; 45. MAX WEBER: BUREAUCRATIC ADMINISTRATION; 46. VILFEDO PARETO: RULE BY OLIGARCHY; 3F: SEPARATION OF POWERS; 47. JOHN LOCKE: LEGISLATIVE, EXECUTIVE, AND FEDERATIVE POWERS; 48. BARON DE MONTESQUIEU: THE IDEAL CONSTITUTION; CHAPTER 4: LIBERTY AND RIGHTS; 4A: WHAT IS LIBERTY?; 49. BENJAMIN CONSTANT: THE LIBERTY OF THE ANCIENTS AND THE LIBERTY OF THE MODERNS; 50. ISAIAH BERLIN: TWO CONCEPTS OF LIBERTY; 51. CHARLES TAYLOR: IN DEFENCE OF POSITIVE FREEDOM; 52. RONALD DWORKIN: NO RIGHT TO LIBERTY; 4B: LAW AND MORALITY; 53. JOHN STUART MILL: ONE SIMPLE PRINCIPLE; 54. JAMES FITZJAMES STEPHEN: THE CONSEQUENCES OF LIBERTY; 55. PARTICK DEVLIN: THE ENFORCEMENT OF MORALS; 56. H.L.A. HART: THE CHANGING SENSE OF MORALITY; 4C: TOLERATION AND FREE EXPRESSION; 57. JOHN LOCKE: THE FUTILITY OF INTOLERANCE; 58. THOMAS SCANLON: FREE EXPRESSION AND THE AUTHORITY OF THE STATE; 59. JEREMY WALDRON: THE SATANIC VERSES; 60. CATHERINE MACKINNON: ONLY WORDS; 4D: VIRTUE AND CITIZENSHIP; 61. PERICLES: THE DEMOCRATIC CITIZEN; 62. ARISTOTLE: THE REQUIREMENTS OF CITIZENSHIP; 63. NICCOLO MACHIAVELLI: THE SERVILITY OF THE MODERNS; 64. ALEXIS DE TOCQUEVILLE: THE NATURE OF MODERN SERVITUDE; 65. QUENTIN SKINNER: THE REPUBLICAN IDEAL OF POLITICAL LIBERTY; 4E: RIGHTS; 66. JEREMY BENTHAM: NONSENSE ON STILTS; 67. KARL MARX: THE RIGHTS OF EGOISTIC MAN; 68. ROBERT NOZICK: RIGHTS AS SIDE-CONSTRAINTS; 69. RONALD DWORKIN: TAKING RIGHTS SERIOUSLY; 4F: PUNISHMENT; 70. JOHN

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