Research Methods

This comprehensive book explores the entire range of research methodologies in psychology, using a programmatic approach to introduce topics and build on earlier presentations to increase understanding. It includes the most extensive package of web-based features of any book in this market.

(Pearson)

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Anthony M. Graziano is Professor Emeritus, Psychology, at the State University of New York, Buffalo. He was Co-Director of the Research Center for Children and Youth and served as the Director of the Clinical Area. Graziano received the B.A. degree from Columbia College and Ph.D. from Purdue University. He completed a clinical internship and a postdoctoral fellowship in child-clinical psychology at the Devereux Foundation. From 1961 to 1968 he developed and operated the first behavioral treatment program in the country for children with autism. Graziano was the first to employ relaxation and systematic desensitization techniques to help teach self-control skills to children with autism. He also served briefly as the Acting Director of the Kennedy Center for children with developmental disabilities. He has been a consultant to agencies in Connecticut, New York and Pennsylvania. Graziano's research and writing has focused on children and families, and has included: child psychopathology; developmental disabilities; the treatment of childhood disorders; children's fears and phobias; behavior modification; parent training; community psychology; child abuse and neglect; family therapy; and cultural history. His most recent research was on the use of corporal punishment in child rearing, and he has been a long-time opponent of corporal punishment. He is editor, co-author, or author of fifteen books, 86 journal articles and presentations at professional meetings, and a dozen op-ed newspaper columns. Dr. Graziano has been a member of the Board of Directors of the Eastern Psychological Association, People, Inc., a Western New York agency serving persons with developmental disabilities, and the editorial board of the journal, Behavior Modification. When not playing with his grandchildren, Graziano passionately pursues cooking, tennis, carpentry, masonry, drawing cartoons, and traveling Europe with Sheila, his wife of 50 years. Michael Raulin is a clinical associate professor at the State University of New York, Buffalo, where he has been a faculty member since 1978. He received his BS and Ph.D. from the University of Wisconsin at Madison. At Buffalo, he was the director of the Psychological Services Center--the research and training clinic for the Ph.D. program in clinical psychology--and also headed the Ph.D. clinical psychology program for several years. He founded and directed the department's Anxiety Disorders Clinic and maintained a small private practice for 20 years. Dr. Raulin's research has always focused on psychopathology, with most of his work on risk factors in schizophrenia. He has published 30 articles or chapters and is author of an abnormal psychology text. He served on the editorial board of the Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology and the Journal of Abnormal Psychology and reviewed papers for nearly 20 different journals and grant applications for the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada. He has been active in psychological affairs, locally, regionally, and nationally. He was president of the Psychological Association of Western New York, chaired the program committees for the Society for Research in Psychopathology and the Eastern Psychological Association, and was president of the National Association of Directors of Psychology Training Clinics and secretary of Society for Research in Psychopathology. He has an excellent reputation for his teaching, with evaluations that consistently place him among the top instructors at the university. He has won awards for teaching and public service and is listed in Who's Who in Among Rising Young Americans, Who's Who Among Health Service Professionals, Who's Who in Science and Engineering, and Who's Who in Medicine and Health Care.

(Pearson)

Chapter 1: Curiosity, Creativity, and Commitment

Science

Science Is a Way of Thinking

Asking Questions

Science and Art

Acquiring Knowledge

Tenacity

Intuition

Authority

Rationalism

Empiricism

Science

Emergence of Science

Early Civilization

Greek Science

Medieval Science

The Scientific Revolution

Psychology

The History of Psychology

Women and Minorities in Psychology

Modern Psychology

The Science of Psychology

Ethical Principles

Using the Resources of this Text

Exploring the Student Resource Website

Using SPSS for Windows

Summary

Putting It into Practice

Exercises

 

Chapter 2: Research is a Process of Inquiry

The Scientific Process

Basic Assumptions of Science

Observation and Inference: Facts and Constructs

Inductive and Deductive Thinking

Models and Theories in Science

A Model of the Research Process

Phases of Research

Levels of Constraint

Ethical Principles

Summary

Putting It into Practice

Exercises

 

Chapter 3: The Starting Point: Asking Questions

Asking and Refining Questions

Pursuing Your Personal Interests

Following Up on the Work of Others

Applied and Basic Research

Refining Questions for Research

Types of Variables in Research

Classifying Variables Based on Their Nature

Classifying Variables Based on Their Use in Research

Validity and the Control of Extraneous Variables

Ethical Principles

Ethical Principles for Human Research

Ethical Principles for Animal Research

Summary

Putting It into Practice

Exercises

 

Chapter 4: Data and the Nature of Measurement

Measurement

Scales of Measurement

Nominal Scales

Ordinal Scales

Interval Scales

Ratio Scales

Measuring and Manipulating Variables

Measurement Error

Operational Definitions

Evaluating Measures

Reliability

Effective Range

Validity

The Need for Objective Measurement

Ethical Principles

Summary

Putting It into Practice

Exercises

 

Chapter 5: Statistical Analysis of Data

Individual Differences

Organizing Data

Frequency Distributions

Graphical Representation of Data

Descriptive Statistics

Measures of Central Tendency

Measures of Variability

Measures of Relationship

(Pearson)