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Covering the fundamentals of electrical transients, this book will equip readers with the skills to recognise and solve transient problems in power networks and components. Starting with the basics of transient electrical circuit theory, and movin...
Pieter Schavemaker, Principal Consultant, the Netherlands (nl.linkedin.com/in/pieterschavemaker) Lou van der Sluis, Professor emeritus Electrical Power Systems, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands
Preface xi List of Abbreviations xvii List of Symbols xix 1 Introduction to Power System Analysis 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Scope of the Material 2 1.3 General Characteristics of Power Systems 5 1.3.1 AC versus DC Systems 5 Shape of the alternating voltage 6 Sinusoidal alternating voltage 7 1.3.2 50 and 60 Hz Frequency 9 1.3.3 Balanced Three-Phase Systems 10 Power considerations 12 Rotating magnetic field 14 1.3.4 Voltage Levels 17 Line-to-line and line-to-neutral voltages 19 1.4 Phasors 20 1.4.1 Network Elements in the Phasor Domain 22 1.4.2 Calculations in the Phasor Domain 24 1.5 Equivalent Line-to-neutral Diagrams 28 1.6 Power in Single-phase Circuits 30 1.6.1 Active and Reactive Power 31 1.6.2 Complex Power 34 1.6.3 Power Factor 38 1.7 Power in Three-phase Circuits 40 1.8 Per-unit Normalization 41 1.9 Power System Structure 45 Problems 47 References 49 2 The Generation of Electric Energy 51 2.1 Introduction 51 2.2 Thermal Power Plants 53 2.2.1 The Principles of Thermodynamics 53 2.3 Nuclear Power Plants 58 2.3.1 Nuclear Fission 59 2.3.2 Nuclear Fusion 62 2.4 Renewable Energy 63 2.4.1 Wind Energy and Wind Turbine Concepts 63 2.4.2 Hydropower and Pumped Storage 67 2.4.3 Solar Power 69 2.4.4 Geothermal Power 71 2.5 The Synchronous Machine 74 Problems 82 References 84 3 The Transmission of Electric Energy 85 3.1 Introduction 85 3.2 Transmission and Distribution Network 86 3.3 Network Structures 89 3.4 Substations 91 3.5 Substation Concepts 93 3.5.1 Single Bus System 94 3.5.2 Double Bus System 95 3.5.3 Polygon Bus System 96 3.5.4 One-and-a-Half Circuit Breaker Concept 96 3.6 Protection of Transmission and Distribution Networks 97 3.6.1 Protective Relay Operating Principles 99 3.6.2 Fuses 104 3.6.3 Circuit Breakers 106 3.6.4 The Switching Arc 107 3.6.5 Oil Circuit Breakers 109 3.6.6 Air-Blast Circuit Breakers 109 3.6.7 SF6 Circuit Breakers 110 3.6.8 Vacuum Circuit Breakers 112 3.7 Surge Arresters 113 3.8 Transformers 115 3.8.1 Phase Shifts in Three-Phase Transformers 119 3.8.2 The Magnetizing Current 123 3.8.3 Transformer Inrush Current 126 3.8.4 Open Circuit and Short Circuit Tests 127 3.9 Power Carriers 129 3.9.1 Overhead Transmission Lines 131 Insulators 131 Bundled conductors 134 Galloping lines 138 Ground wires or shield wires 141 Transposition 144 3.9.2 Underground Cables 145 Plastic insulation 147 Paperoil insulation 148 3.9.3 Gas-Insulated Transmission Lines 151 3.10 High-Voltage Direct Current Transmission 152 From AC to DC 156 Problems 160 References 161 4 The Utilization of Electric Energy 163 4.1 Introduction 163 4.2 Types of Load 164 4.2.1 Mechanical Energy 165 Synchronous motors 166 Induction motors 168 4.2.2 Light 171 4.2.3 Heat 173 4.2.4 DC Electrical Energy 173 4.2.5 Chemical Energy 175 4.3 Classification of Grid Users 177 4.3.1 Residential Loads 177 4.3.2 Commercial and Industrial Loads 179 4.3.3 Electric Railways 180 Problems 182 Reference 184 5 Power System Control 185 5.1 Introduction 185 5.2 Basics of Power System Control 187 5.3 Active Power and Frequency Control 190 5.3.1 Primary Control 190 5.3.2 Secondary Control or Load Frequency Control (LFC) 196 5.4 Voltage Control and Reactive Power 198 5.4.1 Generator Control (AVR) 199 5.4.2 Tap-Changing Transformers 201 5.4.3 Reactive Power Injection 203 Static shunt capacitors and reactors 203 Synchronous compensators 204 Static var compensator (SVC) 204 Static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) 206 5.5 Control of Transported Power 207 5.5.1 Controlling Active Power Flows 207 The phase shifter 208 5.5.2 Controlling Reactive Power Flows 210 Static series capacitors 211 Thyristor-controlled series capacitor (TCSC) 211 Static synchronous series compensator (SSSC) 212 5.5.3 Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) 214 5.6 Flexibl