Research In Psychology

The sixth edition provides psychologists with insight into the essential nature of experimental psychology and a solid grounding in its methods and practices. It has been updated to help them develop research ideas, hypotheses, and design studies. In addition, they'll find out how to carry them out, analyze results and draw reasoned conclusions from them. The chapters have also been updated with the important new developments in research methodologies and fascinating examples from recent studies to provide psychologists with the most up-to-date information in the field.

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Chapter 1-Scientific Thinking in Psychology. Why Take This Course? Ways of Knowing. Authority. Use of Reason. Experience. The Ways of Knowing and Science. Science as a Way of Knowing. Science Assumes Determinism. Science Makes Systematic Observations. Science Produces Public Knowledge. Box 1.1 ORIGINS-A Taste of Introspection. Science Produces Data-Based Conclusions. Science Produces Tentative Conclusions. Science Asks Answerable Questions. Science Develops Theories that Can Be Disproven. Psychological Science and Pseudoscience. Recognizing Pseudoscience. Associates with True Science. Box 1.2 CLASSIC STUDIES-Disproving Phrenology. Relies on Anecdotal Evidence. Sidesteps Disproof. Reduces Complex Phenomena to Overly Simplistic Concepts. The Goals of Research in Psychology. Description. Prediction. Explanation. Application. A Passion for Research in Psychology (Part I). Eleanor Gibson (1910-2002). B. F. Skinner (1904-1990). Chapter 2-Ethics in Psychological Research. Box 2.1 CLASSIC STUDIES-Infants at Risk. Developing the APA Code of Ethics. Ethical Guidelines for Research with Humans. Judging Benefits and Costs: The IRB. Informed Consent and Deception in Research. Box 2.2 ETHICS-Historical Problems with Informed Consent. Informed Consent and Special Populations. Treating Participants Well. Research Ethics and the Internet. Ethical Guidelines for Research with Animals. The Issue of Animal Rights. Box 2.3 ORIGINS-Antivivisection and the APA. Using Animals in Psychological Research. The APA Code for Animal Research. Justifying the Study. Caring for the Animals. Using Animals for Educational Purposes. Scientific Fraud. Data Falsification. Chapter 3-Developing Ideas for Research in Psychology. Varieties of Psychological Research. Basic versus Applied Research. The Setting: Laboratory versus Field Research. Box 3.1 ETHICS-A Matter of Privacy. Quantitative versus Qualitative Research. Asking Empirical Questions. Operational Definitions. Developing Research from Observations of Behavior and Serendipity. Box 3.2 ORIGINS-Serendipity and Edge Detectors. Developing Research from Theory. The Nature of Theory. The Relationship between Theory and Data. Attributes of Good Theories. Falsification. Box 3.3 CLASSIC STUDIES -Falsification and Der Kluge Hans. Parsimony. Misunderstandings About Theories. Developing Research from Other Research. Research Teams and the "What's Next?" Question. Replication and Extension. Creative Thinking in Science. Reviewing the Literature. Computerized Database Searches. Search Tips. Chapter 4-Measurement and Data Analysis. What to Measure-Varieties of Behavior. Developing Measures from Constructs. Box 4.1 ORIGINS-Reaction Time: From Mental Chronometry to Mental Rotation. Evaluating Measures. Reliability. Validity. Reliability and Validity. Scales of Measurement. Nominal Scales. Ordinal Scales. Interval Scales. Box 4.2 CLASSIC STUDIES-Measuring Somatotypes on an Interval Scale: Hoping for 4-4-4. Ratio Scales. Statistical Analysis. Descriptive and Inferential Statistics. Descriptive Statistics. Box 4.3 ETHICS-Lying with Statistics. Inferential Statistics. Hypothesis Testing. Type I and Type II Errors. Inferential Analysis. Interpreting Failures to Reject H0. Going Beyond Hypothesis Testing. Effect Size. Confidence Intervals. Power. Chapter 5-Introduction to Experimental Research. Essential Features of Experimental Research. Box 5.1 ORIGINS-John Stuart Mill and the Rules of Inductive Logic. Establishing Independent Variables. Varieties of Independent Variables. Control Groups. Controlling Extraneous Variables. Measuring Dependent Variables. Manipulated versus Subject Variables. Drawing Conclusions When Using Subject Variables. Box 5.2 CLASSIC STUDIES-Bobo Dolls and Aggression. The Validity of Experimental Research. Statistical Conclusion Validity. Construct Validity. External Validity. Other Populations. Box 5.3 ETHICS-Recruiting Participants: Everyone's in the Pool. Other Environments. Other Times. A Note o

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