Child Psychology

Robin Harwood is a Research Scientist at the University of Connecticut, Department of Anthropology, and a Faculty Associate, Psychology Department, Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany. Scott A. Miller is a Professor at the University of Florida. He is a member of the American Psychological Association - Division of Developmental Psychology.Contributing AuthorsFrances  Waksler, Wheelock CollegeAlastair Younger, Imperial CollegeLisa Comparini, Clark UniversityVivian Carlson, St. Joseph's CollegeJeannine Pinto, Lafayette CollegePatricia Greenfield, UCLAKatheryn Hirsh-Pasek, Temple UniversityRoberta Golinkoff, University of DelawareGail Rollins, University of ConnecticutAmy Miller, Public Policy DirectorCaroline Johnston, University of ConnecticutChloe Bland, New School for Social ResearchRonald P. Rohner, University of ConnecticutAbdul Khaleque, University of Connecticut

• PART I UNDERSTANDING THE CONTEXTS OF CHILD DEVELOPMENT1 Frameworks for Development Child Development in Space and Time 4Key Issues In Child Development 12RESEARCH & SOCIETY The Social Construction of Childhood 13Child Development Research in Applied Contexts 17CONVERSATIONS Conversations with an Outreach Liaison 18Theoretical Perspectives—An Overview 19APPLICATIONS Theories as Everyday Explanations for Behavior 332 Studying Child Development and Its Contexts Studying Children 40Methods Used to Study Children 42CONVERSATIONS Conversations with a Cross-Cultural Psychologist 48Studying Development 52APPLICATIONS Wise Consumers of Research on Development 54Issues in the Study of Children 56RESEARCH & SOCIETY Studying AIDS Orphans in Africa 603 The Biological Context of Development Mechanisms of Inheritance 68Genes and Behavior 73Interaction of Genes and Environment 77Genetic Disorders 81RESEARCH & SOCIETY the Human Genome Project 86Pathways to Parenthood 91APPLICATIONS Journey to Parenthood 94CONVERSATIONS Conversations with an Adoption Social Worker 96PART II CONTEXTS OF PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT4 Prenatal Development, Birth, and the Newborn Pregnancy 106RESEARCH & SOCIETY Technology and Gender Selection 112Stages of Prenatal Development 113Prenatal Environmental Influences 118Birth 130CONVERSATIONS Conversations with a Certified Professional Midwife 132The Newborn 135APPLICATIONS Caring for Preterm and Low-Birthweight Infants in the NICU 1385 Early Capacities in Infancy The Organized Infant 150APPLICATIONS Sleep in Cultural Perspective 152Motor Development 157CONVERSATIONS Conversations with an Infant Physical Therapist 162Perceptual Development 163RESEARCH & SOCIETY Infants’ Perception of Motion 1746 The Brain, Physical Growth, and Health The Brain 192RESEARCH & SOCIETY Imaging the Brain 198Physical Growth 200Physical Health in Infancy 205CONVERSATIONS Conversations with a Family Nutritionist 210Physical Health in Childhood and Adolescence 215APPLICATIONS Just Say No? Teens, Sexuality, and Society 220PART III CONTEXTS OF COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT7 Piaget and Vygotsky Piaget’s Cognitive-Developmental Theory 231Cognition During Infancy: The Sensorimotor Period 233Thought in the Preschooler: The Preoperational Period 241APPLICATIONS Selecting Developmentally Appropriate Play Materials 244Middle-Childhood Intelligence: The Concrete Operational Period 248Adolescent and Adult: The Formal Operational Period 251Vygotsky and the Sociocultural Approach 255RESEARCH & SOCIETY Weaving Generations Together: Evolving Creativity in the Maya of Chiapas 258Piaget and Vygotsky on Language and Thought 262Impacts of Piaget and Vygotsky on Education 264CONVERSATIONS Conversations with an Early Childhood Educator 267Comparing the Cognitive-Developmental and Sociocultural Approaches 2678 Information Processing and Core Knowledge ApproachesThe Information Processing Approach to Cognition 282RESEARCH & SOCIETY Children’s Eyewitness Testimony 289CONVERSATIONS Conversations with a Child Therapist 290Developmental Changes in Memory 290Cognitive Tools 290Problem Solving 297The Core Knowledge Approach to Cognition 307Theory of Mind 313APPLICATIONS Brains in a Box: Do New Age Toys Deliver on the Promise? 3149 Intelligence and Schooling Intelligence: IQ Testing and the Psychometric Approach 328Individual and Group Differences in IQ 331APPLICATIONS Reducing Stereotype Threat in Minority Populations 336Alternative Conceptions of Intelligence 338Schooling: Variations and Effects 343RESEARCH & SOCIETY Culture, Schooling, and the Mind 346CONVERSATIONS Conversations with a Special Educator 355Culture, Diversity, and Schooling 35810 Language and Communication Components of Language 376Theories of Language Development 378Preverbal Communication in Infancy 383Semantics: First Words and Vocabulary 385Grammar: Communicating in Sentences 392CONVERSATIONS Conversations with a Speech-Language Pathologist 393Development of Pragmatics: Socially Appropriate Use of Language 399Contexts That Influence Language Development 402APPLICATIONS Teaching Children to Read 406RESEARCH & SOCIETY Bilingual Education 410PART IV CONTEXTS OF SOCIAL AND EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT11 Social and Emotional Worlds of Infants and Young Children Temperament 428Emotions and Early Communication 432Attachment to Others 440APPLICATIONS Promoting Healthy Parent-Infant Relationships 445Attachment Relationships in a Changing World 448RESEARCH & SOCIETY In the Child’s Best Interest? 451CONVERSATIONS Conversations with a CASA Volunteer Supervisor 452Social and Emotional Development in Contexts of Risk 45312 Self and Identity Theories of the Self 467Self-Knowledge 469RESEARCH & SOCIETY Culture and the Self 470Self-Control 475Self-Evaluation and Self-Esteem 482CONVERSATIONS Conversations with a School Guidance Counselor 493Identity and Society 493APPLICATIONS Possible Selves and Academic Achievement 49713 Sex Differences and Gender Role Development Sex Differences: Perceived and Real 513APPLICATIONS Should Schools Teach Visual-Spatial Skills? 518Influences on Sex Differences and Gender Role Development 522RESEARCH & SOCIETY When Genotype and Phenotype Don’t Match 524The Child’s Active Participation in Gender Role Development 532Gender Role Development 535CONVERSATIONS Conversations with Men in Nontraditional Roles 536Development of Sexual Relationships and Behavior 53914 Moral Development Theories of Moral Development 552Influences on Moral Development 560RESEARCH & SOCIETY When Are We Obligated to Help Others? Cultural Differences in Children’s Perceptions 561Prosocial Behavior 564CONVERSATIONS Conversations with a Marriage and Family Therapist 565Determinants of Prosocial Behavior 569Aggression 572Controlling Childhood Aggression 578APPLICATIONS Intervening in the Lives of Aggressive Children 58215 Relationships with Peers Peer Sociability 596Peer Acceptance 604RESEARCH & SOCIETY Bullying and Victimization in School 608APPLICATIONS Enhancing Peer Competence among Shy Children 610The Social Contexts of Peer Relationships 612CONVERSATIONS Conversations with a Community Mental Health Practitioner 61816 Families and Society Parenting Styles 626RESEARCH & SOCIETY Cross-Cultural Perspectives on Parental Acceptance and Rejection 630The Family as a Social System 633Families in Social Context 638APPLICATIONS Building Tolerance in a Diverse Society 646Families in a Changing Society 648CONVERSATIONS Conversations with a Child Protective Services Administrator 654Glossary G1References R1Author Index I1Subject Index I20