Chinese Femininities/ Chinese Masculinities

The past two centuries have witnessed tremendous upheavals in every aspect of Chinese culture and society. At the level of everyday life, some of the most remarkable transformations have occurred in the realm of gender. "Chinese Femininities/Chinese Masculinities" is a mix of illuminating historical and ethnographic studies of gender from the 1700s to the present. The essays in this highly creative collection are organized in pairs that alternate in focus between femininity and masculinity, between subjects traditionally associated with feminism (such as family life) and those rarely considered from a gendered point of view (like banditry). The chapters provide a wealth of interesting detail on such varied topics as court cases involving widows and homosexuals; ideal spouses of early-twentieth-century radicals; changing images of prostitutes; the masculinity of qigong masters; sexuality in the era of reform; and, the eroticization of minorities. While most of the essays were specifically written for this volume, a few are reprinted as a testament to their enduring value. Exploring the central role of gender as an organizing principle of Chinese social life, Chinese Femininities/ Chinese Masculinities is an innovative reader that will spark new debate in a wide range of disciplines.

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Susan Brownell is Associate Professor of Anthropology at the University of Missouri, St. Louis. She is the author of Training the Body for China: Sports in the Moral Order of the People's Republic (1995). Jeffrey N. Wasserstrom is Associate Professor of History at Indiana University. He is the author of Student Protests in Twentieth-Century China: The View from Shanghai (1991) and coeditor of Popular Protest and Political Culture in China (1994).

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Foreword Thomas Laqueur Introduction: Theorizing Femininities and Masculinities Susan Brownell and Jeffrey N. Wasserstrom Part I. Gender and the Law (Qing) 1. Femininity in Flux: Gendered Virtue and Social Conflict in the Mid-Qing Courtroom Janet M. Theiss 2. Dangerous Males, Vulnerable Males, and Polluted Males: The Regulation of Masculinity in Qing Dynasty Law Matthew H. Sommer Part II. Ideals of Marriage and Family (Mid-Qing and Early Republican) 3. Grooming a Daughter for Marriage: Brides and Wives in the Mid-Qing Period Susan Mann 4. "The Truths I Have Learned": Nationalism, Family Reform, and Male Identity in China's New Culture Movement, 1916-1922 Susan L. Glosser Part III. Gender in Literary Traditions (May Fourth to Reform Eras) 5. Invention and Intervention: The Making of a Female Tradition in Modern Chinese Literature Lydia H. Liu 6. The Self Loving the Self: Men and Connoisseurship in Modern Chinese Literature Wendy Larson Part IV. Dangerous Women and Dangerous Men (Late Ming to Early Communist) 7. Modernizing Sex, Sexing Modernity: Prostitution in Early-Twentieth-Century Shanghai Gail Hershatter 8. Approximations of Chinese Bandits: Perverse Rebels, Romantic Heroes, or Frustrated Bachelors? David Ownby Part V. The Gender of Rebels (Cultural Revolution) 9. Maoist Mappings of Gender: Reassessing the Red Guards Emily Honig 10. "Little Brothers" in the Cultural Revolution: The Worker Rebels of Shanghai Elizabeth J. Perry and Nara Dillon Part VI. Blood, Qi, and the Gendered Body (Qing and Reform Era) 11. Blood, Body, and Gender: Medical Images of the Female Condition in China, 1600-1850 Charlotte Furth 12. Embodying Qi and Masculinities in Post-Mao China Nancy N. Chen Part VII. Shifting Contexts of Gender and Sexuality (Reform Era) 13. Past, Perfect or Imperfect: Changing Images of the Ideal Wife Harriet Evans 14. Proper Men and Proper Women: Parental Affection in the Chinese Family William Jankowiak Part VIII. Gender, Sexuality, and Ethnicity (Reform Era) 15. Gender and Internal Orientalism in China Louisa Schein 16. Tradition and the Gender of Civility Ralph Litzinger Afterword: Putting Gender at the Center Jeffrey N. Wasserstrom and Susan Brownell Contributors Index

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