The Politics of Retribution in Europe

The presentation of Europe's immediate historical past has quite dramatically changed. Conventional depictions of occupation and collaboration in World War II, of wartime resistance and post-war renewal, provided the familiar backdrop against which the chronicle of post-war Europe has mostly been told. Within these often ritualistic presentations, it was possible to conceal the fact that not only were the majority of people in Hitler's Europe not resistance fighters but millions actively co-operated with and many millions more rather easily accommodated to Nazi rule. Moreover, after the war, those who judged former collaborators were sometimes themselves former collaborators. Many people became innocent victims of retribution, while others--among them notorious war criminals--escaped punishment. Nonetheless, the process of retribution was not useless but rather a historically unique effort to purify the continent of the many sins Europeans had committed. This book sheds light on the collective amnesia that overtook European governments and peoples regarding their own responsibility for war crimes and crimes against humanity--an amnesia that has only recently begun to dissipate as a result of often painful searching across the continent. In inspiring essays, a group of internationally renowned scholars unravels the moral and political choices facing European governments in the war's aftermath: how to punish the guilty, how to decide who was guilty of what, how to convert often unspeakable and conflicted war experiences and memories into serviceable, even uplifting accounts of national history. In short, these scholars explore how the drama of the immediate past was (and was not) successfully "overcome." Through their comparative and transnational emphasis, they also illuminate the division between eastern and western Europe, locating its origins both in the war and in post-war domestic and international affairs. Here, as in their discussion of collaborators' trials, the authors lay bare the roots of the many unresolved and painful memories clouding present-day Europe. Contributors are Brad Abrams, Martin Conway, Sarah Farmer, Luc Huyse, Lszl Karsai, Mark Mazower, and Peter Romijn, as well as the editors. Taken separately, their essays are significant contributions to the contemporary history of several European countries. Taken together, they represent an original and pathbreaking account of a formative moment in the shaping of Europe at the dawn of a new millennium.

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This book makes a splendid contribution toward the rewriting of postwar European History... It is quite indispensable for college students and serious adult readers of recent European history... -- Trevor Burridge, History The first question that leaps to mind is why the story of a massacre so monstrous, and of such historic significance, should surface only now, half a century after the fact. The answer to this question is both startling and complex ... A detailed account is provided by the sociologist and historian Jan T. Gross in his book... -- Abraham Brumberg, Times Literary Supplement Not surprisingly, Mr. Gross's book has sparked wails of outrage from many in Jedwabne and across Poland, where many feel he has greatly damaged the country's reputation. In time, however, it should become apparent that Mr. Gross has really done Poland an inestimable favor. His book has effectively thrown down the gauntlet, challenging Poles to live in truth. -- Bruce I. Konviser, Wall Street Journal A fine example of comparative history ... introduced and concluded by some of the most thought-provoking meditations on the general sculpting of post-war identity, the continental shift from 'war' to 'peace,' and the implications of the nascent cold war that this reviewer has encountered -- Donald Bloxham, History This collective work is an essential source for anyone interested in the many complex and controversial questions associated with World War II and its aftermath. -- Randolph L. Braham, Slavic Review "An] important volume ... [It is] successful because the editors themselves make important contributions to the analysis of retributive justice... The cases that are discussed ... add a great deal to our understanding of the political determinants of postwar justice. -- Norman M. Naimark, American Historical Review

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Tony Judt Preface vii PART I: PRELIMINARIES 1 Istvan Deik Introduction 3 Jan T. Gross Themes for a Social History of War Experience and Collaboration 15 PART II: THE EXPERIENCE OF WAR 37 Istvan Deik A Fatal Compromise? The Debate over Collaboration and Resistance in Hungary 39 Jan T. Gross A Tangled Web: Confronting Stereotypes Concerning Relations between Poles, Germans, Jews, and Communists 74 PART III: TRIALS AND POLITICAL EXPEDIENCY 131 Martin Conway Justice in Postwar Belgium: Popular Passions and Political Realities 133 Luc Huyse The Criminal justice System As a Political Actor in Regime Transitions: The Case of Belgium, 1944-50 157 Peter Romijn "Restoration of Confidence": The Purge of Local Government in the Netherlands As a Problem of Postwar Reconstruction 173 Sarah Farmer Postwar Justice in France: Bordeaux 1953 194 Mark Mazower The Cold War and the Appropriation of Memory: Greece after Liberation 212 Laszlo Karsai The People's Courts and Revolutionary justice in Hungary, 1945-46 233 Bradley Abrams The Politics of Retribution: The Trial of Jozef Tiso in the Czechoslovak Environment 252 PART IV: EPILOGUE 291 Tony Judt The Past Is Another Country: Myth and Memory in Postwar Europe 293 List of Contributors 325 Index 327

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