A History of the Modern Middle East

Praise for Prior Editions "For almost thirty years, I have depended on Cleveland and Bunton's textbook as the anchor of my course on the history of the modern Middle East. It is, to my mind, the very best and most teachable text available." --Lidwien Kapteijns, Kendall/Hodder Professor of History, Wellesley College "One of the most balanced and comprehensive textbooks that exists on Middle Eastern history." --Sreemati Mitter, Brown University "Cleveland and Bunton provide a comprehensive history of the Middle East that allows students to understand the decisions of the principal political actors and the results of major events and crises. It has been an indispensable textbook for my survey on how and why the peoples of the Middle East deal with issues of democracy, religious and national identity as well as conflicting reactions toward Western intervention in a variety of forms." --Stacy E. Holden, Purdue University "This book provides a comprehensive and compelling history of the modern Middle East and is an invaluable addition to any scholar's library. The authors distill complex and multifaceted aspects of Middle Eastern history and culture for the reader while providing insightful and germane analysis." --Ellen R. Wald, Jacksonville University "Cleveland has put his recognized expertise on Arab nationalism and modern Islamic movements to particularly good use in this learned, sensitive, and highly readable account of the past two centuries of Middle Eastern history. The formidable task of combining thematic with country-by-country treatment is accomplished remarkably well." --Donald M. Reid, Georgia State University "With the accuracy and balance that the scholar would insist on and with the spirited readability that the student would hope for, this is a fine interpretive study of the Middle East during the past two centuries. A richly textured history, it handles the challenge of highlighting the cultural unity characterizing the Middle East while also demonstrating the region's diversity-political, religious, cultural, and economic." --L. Carl Brown, Princeton University "Cleveland has written a cogent and comprehensive political history of the Middle East in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, prefaced by a concise and readable introduction to Islamic history. He is particularly successful in pointing to the persistence and strength of traditional modes of thought and belief in bringing about the reassertion of Islamic identity in the face of the moral bankruptcy of contemporary Middle Eastern regimes and the disempowering pressures of everyday life... this book should do much to demystify common misconceptions about this complex and frequently misunderstood region." --Peter Sluglett, Durham University "A solid, well-written, and well-packed introductory text that will be easily accessible to inductees into modern Middle Eastern history... Careful readers of Cleveland's text will discover that in a quiet and persuasive manner the author challenges many popularly held beliefs and (mis)perceptions." --International Journal of Middle East Studies "Impressive political history... Provides a brief but useful exposition of Islam and what the faithful believe is expected of them." --New York Times Book Review "The book masterfully intertwines complex strands of history -- from sectarian conflict in Lebanon to the Arab-Israeli conflicts, to the impact of oil wealth and the Iranian revolution. No other volume does this so well." --Elizabeth Thompson, History, University of Virginia "Highly recommended for anyone interested in a remarkably well-crafted introduction to the history, politics, and international relations of the Middle East." --International Journal "Lucidly written, well researched and an ideal work of introduction and reference for students of the region." --Middle Eastern

The late William L. Cleveland was professor of history at Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia.Martin Bunton is professor of history at the University of Victoria, British Columbia. He is the author of The Palestinian-Israeli Conflict: A Very Short Introduction.

List of Illustrations Preface to the Sixth Edition Acknowledgments A Note About Place Names and Transliteration PART ONE: The Development of Islamic Civilization to the Eighteenth Century 1. The Rise and Expansion of Islam Pre-Islamic Arabia Muhammad and the Foundations of Islam The Arab Conquests and the First Empire The First Civil War and the End of the Rashidun Caliphate From Arab Exclusivism to Islamic Universalism: The Umayyad and Abbasid Empires Conclusion 2. The Development of Islamic Civilization to the Fifteenth Century Patterns of Islamic History The Creation and Uses of Wealth Islamic Rituals and Institutions Two Versions of Leadership: Sunni Caliph and Shi'a Imam The Middle East from the Eleventh to the Fifteenth Centuries: An Overview Conclusion 3. The Ottoman and Safavid Empires: A New Imperial Synthesis The Rise of the Ottoman Empire Ottoman Ruling Institutions and Attitudes The Loss of Ottoman Superiority The Triumph of Shi'ism: The Safavid Empire of Iran, 1501--1736 Conclusion: The Sunni-Shi'a Struggle for Iraq PART TWO: The Beginnings of the Era of Transformation 4. Forging a New Synthesis: The Pattern of Reforms, 1789--1849 Selim III (1789--1806: Between Old and New A Revived Center of Power: The Egypt of Muhammad Ali, 1805--1848 Nationalism and Great Power Intervention: The Greek Revolt, 1821--1829 Sultan Mahmud II (1808--1839): Centralization and Transformation Conclusion 5. The Ottoman Empire and Egypt During the Era of the Tanzimat The Tanzimat: Continued Ottoman Reform Under the Bureaucrats The Arab Provinces of Greater Syria During the Tanzimat Egypt During the Era of Civilian Reform Conclusion: The Dualism of the Nineteenth-Century Reforms 6. Egypt and Iran in the Late Nineteenth Century England on the Nile: The British Occupation of Egypt, 1882--1914 Iran During the Second Half of the Nineteenth Century Conclusion 7. The Response of Islamic Society Religious Assertiveness and Authoritarian Reform: The Era of Abdul Hamid II Islamic Puritanism on the Tribal Frontiers: The Wahhabi, Sanusi, and Mahdiyyah Movements The Reform of High Islam Emerging Currents of Arab Cultural Distinctiveness Conclusion 8. The Era of the Young Turks and the Iranian Constitutionalists The Revolt of 1908 and the Young Turks in Power The Period of the Iranian Constitutional Revolution Conclusion 9. World War I and the End of the Ottoman Order The Middle East in World War I: An Overview of Military and Diplomatic Initiatives The Peace Settlement Conclusion: The End of the Ottoman Order in the Middle East PART THREE: The Struggle for Independence: The Interwar Era to the End of World War II 10. Authoritarian Reform in Turkey and Iran The Ataturk Era in Turkey Iran under Reza Shah Turkey and Iran During World War II: Sovereignty and Occupation Conclusion 11. The Arab Struggle for Independence: Egypt, Iraq, and Transjordan from the Interwar Era to 1945 The Struggle for Power in Egypt in the Interwar Period An Overview of World War II Egypt During World War II: Pivot of the British Defense System Iraq Between the Wars Iraq During World War II Transjordan: The Desert Mandate Conclusion 12. The Arab Struggle for Independence: Syria, Lebanon, and Saudi Arabia from the Interwar Era to 1945 The French Mandate in Syria and Lebanon Lebanon under the Mandate: The Establishment of Confessional Politics Syria and Lebanon During World War II: The Troubled Path to Independence New Kingdom in Arabia: The Rise of the Saudi State The Search for Identity: Regionalism, Arabism, Islam Conclusion 13. The Palestine Mandate and the Birth of the State of Israel The Emergence of Political Zionism The Balfour Declaration The Mandate for Palestine: British Administration The Palestinian Arab Community: Leadership and Institutions The Jewish Community: Leadership and Institutions Immigration and Lands Communal Conflict and the British Response World War II and the Birth of the State of Israel The First Arab-Israeli War Conclusion PART FOUR: T