Heroes

In 101 World Heroes, bestselling historian Simon Sebag Montefiore presents his personal selection of the 100 most heroic figures from the pages of world history. Emperors and queens, soldiers and statesmen, religious leaders and philosophers rub shoulders with composers and poets, scientists and explorers, artists and storytellers from three millennia. All are united not just by what they did in their own lifetimes, but also by the enduring legacy they have bequeathed to the sum of human experience and achievement. The book is illustrated throughout with maps, diagrams, paintings and photographs, and an appendix celebrates a further 100 individual deeds of heroism with a special claim to immortality. The heroes include: Ramses the Great Leonardo da Vinci Albert Einstein King Solomon Elizabeth I of England Winston Churchill The Buddha Tokugawa Ieyasu M. K. Gandhi Aristotle William Shakespeare F.D. Roosevelt Alexander the Great Thomas Jefferson David Ben Gurion Hannibal Voltaire George Orwell Jesus Napoleon Bonaparte Elvis Presley Marcus Aurelius Horatio Nelson J. F. Kennedy Mohammed Duke of Wellington John Paul II Charlemagne Abraham Lincoln Nelson Mandela Leo Tolstoy Charles Darwin

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Simon Sebag Montefiore, historian, novelist and journalist, is best known as the author of Prince of Princes: The life of Potemkin, Stalin: At the Court of the Red Tsar and Young Stalin. He lives in London, and is married to the novelist Santa Montefiore.

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Introduction. Rameses the Great, c.1302-1213 BC - Royal marriage in ancient Egypt. Solomon, c.1000-928 BC - The Ark of the Covenant. Sappho, c.630/610-c.570 BC - Lyrics from the ashes. Cyrus the Great, 590/580-530 BC - Persian empires up to the ayatollahs. The Buddha, c.563-483 BC - Enlightenment and rebirth; or, Whatever next? Confucius, 551-479 BC - Sun Tzu and The Art of War. Leonidas of Sparta, d.480 BC - The school for warriors. Herodotus, ?484-430/420 BC - The father of biography: Plutarch. Alcibiades, c.450-404 BC - The Greek trireme. Aristotle, 384-322 BC - Plato. Alexander the Great, 356-323 BC - Cleopatra, last of the Ptolemies. Hannibal, 247-c.183 BC - Elephants at war. The Maccabees, 2nd century BC - The Jewish Temple. Cicero, 106-43 BC - Julius Caesar, or, How to make it in ancient Rome. Jesus, c.4 BC-c.AD 30 - Prophets and messiahs in the age of Jesus. Marcus Aurelius, 121-180 - The emperor's wisdom. Constantine the Great, c.285-337 - Constantinople, city of the world's desire. Muhammad, 570-632 - Arab conquests, east and west. The Venerable Bede, 673-735 - "Write quickly": the death of Bede. Charlemagne, 768-814 - Imperial coronation. Haroun al-Rashid, 763/6-809 - The court of the caliphs. Eleanor of Aquitaine, 1122-1204 - The troubadours. Saladin, c.1138-1193 - Richard the Lionheart. Frederick II of Hohenstaufen, 1194-1250 - Falconry. Edward III, 1312-1377, and the Black Prince, 1330-1376 - The late-medieval knight. Filippo Brunelleschi, 1377-1446 - The Gates of Paradise. Joan of Arc, c.1412-1431 - Henry V and English archery. Ferdinand Magellan, 1480-1521 - Mapping the world. Babur, 1483-1530 - Akbar the Great. Suleiman the Magnificent, 1494-1566 - Clash of the empires. Elizabeth I, 1533-1603 - Power and powder. Tokugawa Ieyasu, 1543-1616 - The samurai tradition. Sir Walter Raleigh, c.1554-1618 - Colonizing Virginia. Galileo Galilei, 1564-1643 - The history of the telescope. William Shakespeare, 1564-1616 - Who was the real Shakespeare? Oliver Cromwell, 1599-1658 - The execution of Charles I. Samuel Pepys, 1633-1703 - The Great Fire of London. Isaac Newton, 1642-1727 - Theories of the universe. The Duke of Marlborough, 1650-1722 - Prince Eugene of Savoy. Voltaire, 1694-1778 - Torture and the Calas case. Samuel Johnson, 1709-1784 - Johnson's Dictionary. Frederick the Great, 1712-1786 - The Regiment of Giants. Casanova, 1725-1798 - Dangerous Liaisons. Captain James Cook, 1728-1779 - The Endeavour. Catherine the Great, 1729-1796 - Prince Potemkin. George Washington, 1732-1799 - The men who would be king: from White Rajahs to King Zog. Thomas Jefferson, 1743-1826 - America's first Middle East war. Toussaint Louverture, c.1743-1803 - Bolivar and the liberators. John Paul Jones, 1747-1792 - Famous corpses, lost and found. Prince Talleyrand, 1754-1838 - Morning rituals of the old aristocracy. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, 1756-1791 - Who was the greatest composer? Admiral Nelson, 1758-1805 - Powder monkeys and naval guns. The Duke of Wellington, 1769-1852 - Redcoats, Tommys and Victoria Crosses. Napoleon Bonaparte, 1769-1821 - The Empress Josephine. Ludwig van Beethoven, 1770-1827 - Deafness and genius. Jane Austen, 1775-1817 - Debutantes and dowries; or, How to marry and English Gentleman. Lady Hester Stanhope, 1776-1839 - The life of the Bedouin. Lord Byron, 1788-1824 - The Romantics: Keats and Shelley. Honore de Balzac, 1799-1850 - Victor Hugo and Emile Zola. Alexander Pushkin, 1799-1837 - Pistol duelling. Alexandre Dumas pere, 1802-1870 - From the "Black Marquis" to the Dame aux camelias. Benjamin Disraeli, 1804-1881 - Democratic dynasties. Giuseppe Garibaldi, 1807-1882 - Peter the Great and other Fathers of their Peoples. Abraham Lincoln, 1809-1865 - Assassinated presidents and prime ministers. Charles Darwin, 1809-1882 - Soapy Sam versus Darwin's Bulldog. Charles Dickens, 1812-1870 - The real Fagin and the Victorian underworld. Sir Richard Burton, 1821-1890 - The adventures of Jane Digby - Dorset

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