The Great Financial Crisis in Finland and Sweden

Following World War II, Nordic countries were commonly regarded as successful and stable economies. This perception was, however, shattered in the early 1990s when Finland and Sweden encountered severe financial crises. Here, the authors explore the symptoms of financial crisis - decreasing real income, soaring unemployment and exploding public deficits - and their devastating effects. The book compares and contrasts the experiences of Finland and Sweden, then adopts an international perspective, encompassing the experiences of Asia, Latin America, Denmark and Norway. Lessons from the 1990s crisis are drawn, and possible solutions prescribed. The conclusion is that long-term effects of financial crises - financial liberalization and integration - are not as dramatic as the short-term effects, but may prove to be of greater importance over time. Only the future will show whether these long-term benefits will balance or even outweigh the enormous short-term costs of the crises. Highly relevant to the current international financial crisis currently afflicting the world economy, this timely book will prove invaluable to economists and other social scientists with a general interest in financial crises, and to those with a more specific interest in the evolution and models of Scandinavian economies.

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'The Nordic financial crisis had it all: a botched liberalization, a huge boom followed by an even bigger bust, massive taxpayer-financed bailouts and, finally, deep long-run gains. The first-class team of scholars mobilized in this book convincingly tell a story that should be carefully studied by economists, bankers and policy-makers. After this book, no one should be able to say: If we only knewA"!' - Charles Wyplosz, Graduate Institute of International Studies, Geneva, Switzerland 'The financial crisis in Scandinavia in the early 1990s was a forerunner of the later world-wide crisis in 2007/8. Although the initial causation was different, the impact on their banks, though more localised, was just as severe. So we can benefit, and already policy makers have done so, from learning the lessons in this book on how to restore shattered banking systems to health. For this we owe a debt of gratitude to the editors, who have put together a series of key papers that emerged from a much larger exercise on the crisis that was earlier reported in four volumes in Swedish and Finnish. Amongst the many studies on current and past financial crises, this is a classic must-readA".' - Charles A.E. Goodhart, London School of Economics, UK 'The Nordic experience with financial crisis resolution could not be more timely. Everyone cites it as an example of how it should be doneA", but rarely does one find careful and detailed analysis. Now policy makers and others searching for guidance will know where to look.' - Barry Eichengreen, University of California, Berkeley, US

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Contents: 1. Introduction Lars Jonung, Jaakko Kiander and Pentti Vartia PART I: THE CRISIS OF THE 1990s IN FINLAND AND SWEDEN 2. The Great Financial Crisis in Finland and Sweden: The Dynamics of Boom, Bust and Recovery 1985-2000 Lars Jonung, Jaakko Kiander and Pentti Vartia 3. Financial Crisis in Finland and Sweden: Similar But Not Quite the Same Peter Englund and Vesa Vihriala 4. The Crisis of the 1990s and Unemployment in Finland and Sweden Klas Fregert and Jaakko Pehkonen 5. How Costly was the Crisis in Finland and Sweden? Thomas Hagberg and Lars Jonung PART II: THE INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT 6. The Boom and Bust Cycle in Finland and Sweden in an International Perspective Lars Jonung, Ludger Schuknecht and Mika Tujula 7. The Boom and Bust Cycle in Norway Erling Steigum 8. How did Denmark Avoid a Banking Crisis? Claus Vastrup 9. The Nordic and Asian Crises: Common Causes, Different Outcomes? Ari Kokko and Kenji Suzuki PART III: LESSONS FROM THE NORDIC CRISES 10. Twelve Lessons from the Nordic Experience of Financial Liberalization Lars Jonung

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