Visar resultat för..."Birkhauser Boston"

The basics of differentiable manifolds, global calculus, differential geometry, and related topics constitute a core of information essential for the first or second year graduate student preparing for advanced courses and seminars in differential topology and geometry.

Building bridges between classical results and contemporary nonstandard problems, Mathematical Bridges embraces important topics in analysis and algebra from a problem-solving perspective. Blending old and new techniques, tactics and strategies used in solving challenging mathematical problems, readers will discover numerous genuine mathematical gems throughout that will heighten their appreciation of the inherent beauty of mathematics. Most of the problems are original to the authors and are intertwined in a well-motivated exposition driven by representative examples. The book is structured to assist the reader in formulating and proving conjectures, as well as devising solutions to important mathematical problems by making connections between various concepts and ideas from different areas of mathematics. Instructors and educators teaching problem-solving courses or organizing mathematics clubs, as well as motivated mathematics students from high school juniors to college seniors, will find Mathematical Bridges a useful resource in calculus, linear and abstract algebra, analysis and differential equations.Students desiring to hone and develop their mathematical skills or with an interest in mathematics competitions must have this book in their personal libraries.

I am sure that something must be found. There must exist a notion of generalized functions which are to functions what the real numbers are to the rationals (G. Peano, 1912) Not that much effort is needed, for it is such a smooth and simple theory (F. Tre`ves, 1975) In undergraduate physics a lecturer will be tempted to say on certain occasions: “Let ?. x/ be a function on the line that equals 0 away from 0 and is in?nite at 0 in such a way that its total integral is 1. The most important property of ?. x/ is exempli?ed Z by the identity 1 . x/?. x/ dx D . 0/; 1 where is any continuous function of x. ” Such a function ?. x/ is an object that one frequently would like to use, but of course there is no such function, because a function that is 0 everywhere except at one point has integral 0. All the same, it is important to realize what our lecturer is trying to accomplish: to describe an object in terms of the way it behaves when integrated against a function. It is for such purposes that the theory of distributions, or “generalized functions,” was created. It can be formulated in all dimensions, its mathematical scope is vast, and it has revolutionized modern analysis.

More than twenty years ago I gave a course on Fourier Integral Op­ erators at the Catholic University of Nijmegen (1970-71) from which a set of lecture notes were written up; the Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences in New York distributed these notes for many years, but they be­ came increasingly difficult to obtain. The current text is essentially a nicely TeXed version of those notes with some minor additions (e.g., figures) and corrections. Apparently an attractive aspect of our approach to Fourier Integral Operators was its introduction to symplectic differential geometry, the basic facts of which are needed for making the step from the local definitions to the global calculus. A first example of the latter is the definition of the wave front set of a distribution in terms of testing with oscillatory functions. This is obviously coordinate-invariant and automatically realizes the wave front set as a subset of the cotangent bundle, the symplectic manifold in which the global calculus takes place.

On March 17-19 and May 19-21,1995, analysis seminars were organized jointly at the universities of Copenhagen and Lund, under the heading "Danish-Swedish Analysis Seminar". The main topic was partial differen- tial equations and related problems of mathematical physics. The lectures given are presented in this volume, some as short abstracts and some as quite complete expositions or survey papers. They span over a large vari- ety of topics. The most frequently occurring theme is the use of microlocal analysis which is now important also in the study of non-linear differential equations although it originated entirely within the linear theory. Perhaps it is less surprising that microlocal analysis has proved to be useful in the study of mathematical problems of classical quantum mechanics, for it re- ceived a substantial input of ideas from that field. The scientific committee for the invitation of speakers consisted of Gerd Grubb in Copenhagen, Lars Hormander and Anders MeHn in Lund, and Jo- hannes Sjostrand in Paris. Lars Hormander and Anders Melin have edited the proceedings. They were hosts of the seminar days in Lund while Gerd Grubb was the host in Copenhagen.Financial support was obtained from the mathematics departments in Copenhagen and Lund, CNRS in France, the Danish and Swedish Na- tional Research Councils, Gustaf Sigurd Magnuson's foundation at the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, and the Wenner-Gren foundation in Stockholm. We want to thank all these organisations for their support.

Intended as a self-contained introduction to measure theory, this textbook also includes a comprehensive treatment of integration on locally compact Hausdorff spaces, the analytic and Borel subsets of Polish spaces, and Haar measures on locally compact groups. This second edition includes a chapter on measure-theoretic probability theory, plus brief treatments of the Banach-Tarski paradox, the Henstock-Kurzweil integral, the Daniell integral, and the existence of liftings. Measure Theory provides a solid background for study in both functional analysis and probability theory and is an excellent resource for advanced undergraduate and graduate students in mathematics. The prerequisites for this book are basic courses in point-set topology and in analysis, and the appendices present a thorough review of essential background material.

In the modern age of almost universal computer usage, practically every individual in a technologically developed society has routine access to the most up-to-date cryptographic technology that exists, the so-called RSA public-key cryptosystem. A major component of this system is the factorization of large numbers into their primes. Thus an ancient number-theory concept now plays a crucial role in communication among millions of people who may have little or no knowledge of even elementary mathematics. The independent structure of each chapter of the book makes it highly readable for a wide variety of mathematicians, students of applied number theory, and others interested in both study and research in number theory and cryptography.

Stochastic processes are necessary ingredients for building models of a wide variety of phenomena exhibiting time varying randomness. In a lively and imaginative presentation, studded with examples, exercises, and applications, and supported by inclusion of computational procedures, the author has created a textbook that provides easy access to this fundamental topic for many students of applied sciences at many levels. With its carefully modularized discussion and crystal clear differentiation between rigorous proof and plausibility argument, it is accessible to beginners but flexible enough to serve as well those who come to the course with strong backgrounds. The prerequisite background for reading the book is a graduate level pre-measure theoretic probability course. No knowledge of measure theory is presumed and advanced notions of conditioning are scrupulously avoided until the later chapters of the book. The tools of applied probability---discrete spaces, Markov chains, renewal theory, point processes, branching processes, random walks, Brownian motion---are presented to the reader in illuminating discussion. Applications include such topics as queuing, storage, risk analysis, genetics, inventory, choice, economics, sociology, and other. Because of the conviction that analysts who build models should know how to build them for each class of process studied, the author has included such constructions.

This volume is a collection of scholarly articles on the Mach Principle, the impact that this theory has had since the end of the 19th century, and its role in helping Einstein formulate the doctrine of general relativity. 20th-century physics is concerned with the concepts of time,space, motion, inertia and gravity. The documentation on all of these makes this book a reference for those who are interested in the history of science and the theory of general relativity.

It encourages readers to think creatively about techniques and strategies for solving real-world problems, with new sections, revisions, and many more Olympiad-like problems at various levels of difficulty.The problems are clustered by topic into three self-contained chapters.

Vielfach gibt der Geschichtsunterricht in der Schule heute nur in einem sogenannten "ersten Durchgang durch die Geschichte" in der Unter- und Mittelstufe einen Uberblick tiber die gesamte historische Entwick- lung von den Anflingen bis in die Gegenwart; danach steht nicht mehr die Vermittlung eines chronologischen Abrisses im Vordergrund, sondern die Einsicht in bestimmte historische Phanomene und Problemfelder. Diese Konzeption hat ihre Berechtigung, setzt aber andererseits eine genaue Kenntnis der historischen Gesamtentwicklung voraus sowie die Fahigkeit, bestimmte Begriffe und Sachverhalte einordnen zu konnen. Der vorliegende Schiilerduden "Die Geschichte" will nun Schiilern, Stu- denten und historisch interessierten Laien ein Nachschlagewerk an die Hand geben, das Wissenslticken schlieBt und schnell und zuverlassig tiber historische Ereignisse und historische FachbegritTe informiert.Bei der Stichwortauswahl und der Bearbeitung der einzelnen Artikel haben die Mitarbeiter, meist jtingere Fachkollegen aus Schule, Hochschule, Archiv, Museum und Erwachsenenbildung, neue Forschungsergebnisse einbezogen und neben der politischen Geschichte auch sHirker sozial- und wirtschaftsgeschichtliche Entwicklungen dargestellt. Dabei wurde vor aHem Wert auf die Einbindung von Einzelereignissen in einen groBe- ren Zusammenhang gelegt. Der Band verfugt tiber ein Personenregister mit Lebensdaten und Angaben zu den einzelnen im Text genannten Personen sowie tiber ein umfangreiches Sachregister, aus dem weitere Stichworte erschlossen werden konnen. Diese Unterstichworter sind im Text kursiv gesetzt. Besitzt ein Stichwort mehrere Bedeutungen, so ist dies durch ein * ge- kennzeichnet. Verweise sind durch einen Pfeil (t) kenntlich gemacht.

To most graph theorists there are two outstanding landmarks in the history of their subject. One is Euler's solution of the Konigsberg Bridges Problem, dated 1736, and the other is the appearance of Denes Konig's textbook in 1936. "From Konigsberg to Konig's book" sings the poetess, "So runs the graphic tale ..." [10]. There were earlier books that took note of graph theory. Veb- len's Analysis Situs, published in 1931, is about general combinato- rial topology. But its first two chapters, on "Linear graphs" and "Two-Dimensional Complexes", are almost exclusively concerned with the territory still explored by graph theorists. Rouse Ball's Mathematical Recreations and Essays told, usually without proofs, of the major graph-theoretical advances ofthe nineteenth century, of the Five Colour Theorem, of Petersen's Theorem on I-factors, and of Cayley's enumerations of trees. It was Rouse Ball's book that kindled my own graph-theoretical enthusiasm. The graph-theoretical papers of Hassler Whitney, published in 1931-1933, would have made an excellent textbook in English had they been collected and published as such.But the honour of presenting Graph Theory to the mathe- matical world as a subject in its own right, with its own textbook, belongs to Denes Konig. Low was the prestige of Graph Theory in the Dirty Thirties. It is still remembered, with resentment now shading into amuse- ment, how one mathematician scorned it as "The slums of Topol- ogy".

For the past several decades the theory of automorphic forms has become a major focal point of development in number theory and algebraic geometry, with applications in many diverse areas, including combinatorics and mathematical physics. The twelve chapters of this monograph present a broad, user-friendly introduction to the Langlands program, that is, the theory of automorphic forms and its connection with the theory of L-functions and other fields of mathematics. Covered are a variety of areas in number theory from the classical zeta function up to the Langlands program. The exposition is sytematic, with each chapter focusing on a particular topic devoted to special cases of the program, and accessible to graduate students and researchers in the field.

For about a decade I have made an effort to study quadratic forms in infinite dimensional vector spaces over arbitrary division rings. Here we present in a systematic fashion half of the results found du­ ring this period, to wit, the results on denumerably infinite spaces (" NO-forms'''). Certain among the results included here had of course been published at the time when they were found, others appear for the first time (the case, for example, in Chapters IX, X , XII where I in­ clude results contained in the Ph.D.theses by my students W. Allenspach, L. Brand, U. Schneider, M. Studer). If one wants to give an introduction to the geometric algebra of infinite dimensional quadratic spaces, a discussion of N-dimensional O spaces ideally serves the purpose. First, these spaces show a large number of phenomena typical of infinite dimensional spaces. Second, most proofs can be done by recursion which resembles the familiar pro­ cedure by induction in the finite dimensional situation. Third, the student acquires a good feeling for the linear algebra in infinite di­ mensions because it is impossible to camouflage problems by topological expedients (in dimension NO it is easy to see, in a given case, wheth­ er topological language is appropriate or not).

This is a collection of research-oriented monographs, reports, and notes arising from lectures and seminars on the Weil representation, the Maslov index, and the Theta series. It is good contribution to the international scientific community, particularly for researchers and graduate students in the field.

The purpose of this monograph is to provide a concise introduction to the theory of generalized inverses of matrices that is accessible to undergraduate mathematics majors. Although results from this active area of research have appeared in a number of excellent graduate level text­ books since 1971, material for use at the undergraduate level remains fragmented. The basic ideas are so fundamental, however, that they can be used to unify various topics that an undergraduate has seen but perhaps not related. Material in this monograph was first assembled by the author as lecture notes for the senior seminar in mathematics at the University of Tennessee. In this seminar one meeting per week was for a lecture on the subject matter, and another meeting was to permit students to present solutions to exercises. Two major problems were encountered the first quarter the seminar was given. These were that some of the students had had only the required one-quarter course in matrix theory and were not sufficiently familiar with eigenvalues, eigenvectors and related concepts, and that many -v- of the exercises required fortitude. At the suggestion of the UMAP Editor, the approach in the present monograph is (1) to develop the material in terms of full rank factoriza­ tions and to relegate all discussions using eigenvalues and eigenvectors to exercises, and (2) to include an appendix of hints for exercises.

The text of this monograph represents the author's lecture notes from a course taught in the Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics at the State University of New York at Stony Brook in the Spring of 1977. On account of its origin as lecture notes, some sections of the text are telegraphic in style while other portions are overly detailed. This stylistic foible has not been modified as it does not appear to detract seriously from the readability and it does help to indicate which topics were stressed. The audience for the course at Stony Brook was composed almost entirely of fourth year undergraduates majoring in the mathematical sciences. All of these students had studied at least four semesters of calculus and one of probability; few had any prior experience with either differential equations or ecology. It seems prudent to point out that the author's background is in engineering and applied mathematics and not in the biological sciences. It is hoped that this is not painfully obvious. -vii- The focus of the monograph is on the formulation and solution of mathematical models; it makes no pretense of being a text in ecology. The idea of a population is employed mainly as a pedagogic tool, providing unity and intuitive appeal to the varied mathematical ideas introduced. If the biological setting is stripped away, what remains can be interpreted as topics on the qualitative behavior of differential and difference equations.

New (-6ta.wtic.aGBP.) me.thod!.. -6p11.ea.d abJtoad only -t6 they Me ava.il.a.b.te -tVl aVl ex.teVl- -6-tve -6el6-c.ovtta-tVled pJte-6evttatioVl. It WM ~ peJtc.eptioVl that made M WlUte dOWVl the ma-tVl -tde.a.6 06 a Vlew bMnc.h 06 -6equentiaGBP. -6ta.wtic.aGBP. theOlty, c.aU.ed "Nonpa- JtCWle;(;!UC. SequentiaGBP. Selec.tion pJtoc.edUlte-6". What do we M-60c.-i.ate will tw VlOtiOVl? Well, a -6elec.tioVl ptwc.eduJte Oit -6elec.tion model -i.-6 Vlofung but a -6ta.wtic.aI'. expeJt-i.ment de-6-tgned 60ft -tdevt.ti6y-tng the be-6t 06 -6eveJtal'. aGBP.teJtnaUVe-6, a PJtobGBPem we Me 6ac.ed will a.imO-6t eveJtyday. The -6ta.w- tic.aGBP. method!.. -tnduded -tVl ~ book. aU.ow to -6elec.t the be-6t al'.teJtnative when- eveJt theJte -i.-6 aVlY -6ub-6ta.vt.tial'. d-i.6neJteVlc.e among them. The bOOQ C.Ovl:UUVl-6 e-6-6ent-taUy the Jte-6uLt-6 06 the pMt teVl yeM-6, -tVlc.fud-i.Vlg OUlt own Jte-6eaJtc.h onLy pallUaU.y pubfuhed -tVl -6ta.wtic.aI'. jOUltnru. It -i.-6 VlUtheJt a c.oUec.tio n 06 -6ta.wtic.aGBP. Jtec.upe-6 VlOJt a tlteawe eXc..tM-tve.ty theoJtetic.aGBP. It -i.-6 de-6-tgned pJt-i.maltdy 60Jt -6c.-tenwt-6 will -6tJtOVlg mathematic.aGBP. bac.QgltOuVlCu -tnte- Jte-6ted -tn Vlew developmeVlt-6 06 appued -6tafutic.-6.

During the last few decades historians of science have shown a growing interest in science as a cultural activity and have regarded science more and more as part of the gene­ ral developments that have occurred in society. This trend has been less evident arnong historians of mathematics, who traditionally concentrate primarily on tracing the develop­ ment of mathematical knowledge itself. To some degree this restriction is connected with the special role of mathematics compared with the other sciences; mathematics typifies the most objective, most coercive type of knowledge, and there­ fore seems to be least affected by social influences. Nevertheless, biography, institutional history and his­ tory of national developments have long been elements in the historiography of mathematics. This interest in the social aspects of mathematics has widened recently through the stu­ dy of other themes, such as the relation of mathematics to the development of the educational system. Some scholars have begun to apply the methods of historical sociology of knowledge to mathematics; others have attempted to give a ix x Marxist analysis of the connection between mathematics and productive forces, and there have been philosophical studies about the communication processes involved in the production of mathematical knowledge. An interest in causal analyses of historical processes has led to the study of other factors influencing the development of mathematics, such as the f- mation of mathematical schools, the changes in the profes- onal situation of the mathematician and the general cultural milieu of the mathematical scientist.

The material discussed in this monograph should be accessible to upper level undergraduates in the mathemati­ cal sciences. Formal prerequisites include a solid intro­ duction to calculus and one semester of probability. Although differential equations are employed, these are all linear, constant coefficient, ordinary differential equa­ tions which are solved either by separation of variables or by introduction of an integrating factor. These techniques can be taught in a few minutes to students who have studied calculus. The models developed to describe an epidemic outbreak of smallpox are standard stochastic processes (birth-death, random walk and branching processes). While it would be helpful for students to have seen these prior to their introduction in this monograph, it is certainly not necessary. The stochastic processes are developed from first principles and then solved using elementary tech­ niques. Since all that turns out to be necessary are ex­ pected values of random variables, the differential-differ­ ence equatlon descriptions of the stochastic processes are reduced to ordinary differential equations before being solved. Students who have studied stochastic processes are generally pleased to learn that different formulations are possible for the same set of conditions. The choice of which formulation to employ depends upon what one wishes to calculate. Specifically, in Section 6 a birth-death pro­ cess is replaced by a random walk and in Section 7 a prob­ lem is formulated both as a multi-birth-death process and as a branching process.

Mathematics education is one of the most important but least understood subjects of our age. As science and technology move the world from the age of machines to the age of computers, basic education in the language of science, technology and computers takes on increased importance. In both developed and developing nations, more people than ever before are seeking edu­ cation in mathematics. Yet there are numerous signs that world-wide mathematics education is of very uneven quality, not attuned to the needs of contemporary society: declining scores on standardized examS7 diminishing number of certified mathematics teach­ erS7 public outcry at failures of the "new math"7 professional concern with problem solving and applications of mathematics7 uncertainty about the relation of computers and calculators to mathematics instruction. It was in this context of rising expectations and mounting problems that over 2000 mathematicians and mathematics teachers from ar. ound the world gathered in August, 1980, at the University of California in Berke­ ley, California, for the Fourth International Congress of Mathematical Education CIeME IV).

Recently there has been rapid progress towards understanding the separate theories of the strong, weak and electromagnetic inter­ actions within the framework of the standard SU(3) x SU(2) x U(l) model. The purpose of the Second Workshop on Grand Unification was to discuss the physics beyond the standard model and the major topic was grand unified theories which unify the strong, weak and electromagnetic sectors. Grand unified theories are presently being used to calculate experimentally accessible quantities such as the proton lifetime and nucleon decay branching ratios. Meanwhile, experiments are currently being performed, and new, dedicated experiments mounted, to measure these quantities. Reports on these experimental and theoretical activities occupied much of the workshop. Furthermore, since grand unified theories allow one to extrapolate the behavior of the universe back to the first instants after the big bang, their cosmological implications and the constraints on these theories from cosmology were of great interest at the workshop. The conference opened with a keynote address by S. L. Glashow in which he discussed among other topics baryon minus lepton number conservation, neutrino masses and a neutrino-free universe. To maximize the interplay between theorists and experimentalists, theoretical and experimental talks were interleaved. An experimental highlight of the workshop was the presentation by S. Miyake of three candidate events for proton decay.