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Today's SWIR, MWIR, LWIR and multispectral technologies cover a wide range of commercial and military applications and continue to rapidly expand in almost every aspect of our lives. This Field Guide focuses on the most common infrared crystals and glasses used in these systems, from their manufacturing methods through modern optical fabrication technologies to the end-use applications. Detailed optical, crystallographic, mechanical, chemical, and thermal properties of the most popular infrared materials are reviewed in detail along with process flows and relative comparisons. The Field Guide to Infrared Optical Materials provides a concise and convenient resource for those interested in the materials used in infrared optical systems

The charge-coupled device (CCD) has recently celebrated its 30th birthday. The remarkable invention of Boyle and Smith of Bell Labs has dramatically changed the course of imaging in disciplines ranging from astronomy to biotechnology. James R. Janesick, an early proponent of the Scientific CCD, presents a careful and comprehensive history, tutorial and state-of-the-art description of the CCD. The book provides valuable reference information to scientists, engineers and hardware managers involved with imaging CCDs and high-performance camera systems, as well as those who need a comprehensive introduction to the subject. ""Charge-Coupled Devices"" is both a history of this development and a comprehensive reference manual on CCD and camera design, fabrication, operation, characterization and optimization. The key processes of CCD operation - charge collection, charge transfer and charge measurement - are described physically and illustrated by experimental data. Standards for characterizing and optimizing CCDs are presented in detail and the ultimate physical limitations on performance parameters discussed. Worked examples throughout provide valuable tutorials, and give the reader an appreciation for the level of performance that is being achieved by today's CCDs.

Providing an introduction to imaging spectrometers, this text first reviews the required background information in optics, radiometry, imaging, spectral sensing and focal plane arrays, then goes on to discuss the principles of these subjects and apply them to specific problems.

Probability theory; random processes; canonical representation; optimal filtering; random models.

Radiometry is an essential part of the optical design of virtually every optical instrument, and key to many applications. It is also used to measure the radiation of various objects. This tutorial examines both the techniques of calculating radiative transfer and the measurement of fluxes and radiometric properties of various sorts.

Integral transform methods provide effective ways to solve a variety of problems arising in the engineering, optical and physical sciences. This concise, easy-to-follow reference text introduces the use of integral transforms, with a detailed discussion of the widely applicable Laplace and Fourier transforms. It is suitable as a self-study for practising engineers and applied mathematics, as well as a textbook for students in graduate-level courses in optics, engineering sciences, physics and mathematics. In most sections, applications relevant to engineers and applied scientists are used in place of formal proofs. Numerous examples, exercise sets, illustrations and tables enhance the book's usefulness as a teaching tool and reference.

This book examines the contrast sensitivity of the human visual system - concerning the eye's ability to distinguish objects from each other or from the background - and its effects on the imageforming process. The text provides equations for determining various aspects of contrast sensitivity, in addition to models that easily can be used for practical applications.

An introduction to the subject of contamination control, with specific applications to the aerospace industry. The text examines methods to quantify the cleanliness level required by various contamination-sensitive surfaces and to predict the end-of-life contamination level for those surfaces.

The ever-increasing requirements of product quality and reliability demand more efficient measuring and testing methods that must be online, non-destructive, whole field, and without contact. Developed in the 1990s, shearography - also called speckle pattern shearing interferometry (SPSI) - is a coherent-optical measuring and testing method, similar to holographic interferometry. Unlike holography, however, shearography measures the gradient of the deformation rather than the deformation itself. Consequently, shearography can measure the strain information directly, increasing its importance as an industrial measuring tool. This work describes the development of second-generation digital shearography, which is effective in non-destructive testing (NDT), strain measurement, and vibration analysis due to its relative insensitivity to environmental disturbances.

This work explains antenna theory and operation and is intended for students, engineers, and researchers. The material is presented in a modular format, covering the history and important advancements in antenna design and application, use of antennas in various systems such as communication, remote sensing, radar, and biomedicine; and the fundamentals of evaluation, including radiation pattern, directivity, gain, bandwidth, and polarization. Basic wire antennas and array antennas are described in detail and other types are introduced, including reflectors, lenses, horns, microstrip, Yagi, and frequency-independent antennas. Integration of antenna and detector systems and resulting technical challenges are also covered.

The development of new technologies in the fields of photonics, digital systems and computers has resulted in many exciting innovations in high speed photography (HSP) and its commercial, industrial and military applications. This book forms a definitive work on the subject and was written to fill a hitherto uncovered gap in the available literature on this topic. Compiled by a leading team of international experts and written with the cooperation of the Association for High Speed Photography (AHSP) under the Editorship of Sidney F. Ray, this is the most authoritative work on the subject to date.The book forms an introduction to high speed photography, principally for those who wish to investigate its almost limitless potential as a tool for instrumentation, measurement and analysis in both research and development work. It will also interest those who are mainly concerned with standard photographic and digital imaging procedures but need to know more about high speed recording. As a university textbook it is ideally suited to those undertaking postgraduate research, as well as to undergraduates on courses that include film production, biomedical imaging, scientific photography and applied imaging.The material in the book follows progressively from an introduction to and development of HSP, to details of illumination and image capture systems, data extraction and necessary image processing in experimental procedures. Both major and specialist applications of HSP are detailed, including ballistics, the natural world, detonics, the properties of materials and aircraft engineering, combustion processes, motor vehicle safety and holography. A large number of diagrams and photographs illustrate and supplement the text while tables of data provide easy access to numerical information.Will appeal to newcomers as well as professionals in the topicEndorsed by the Association for High Speed PhotographyMajor topics covered in one independent source

Many applications today require the Fourier-transform (FT) spectrometer to perform close to its limitations, one of the objectives of this book is to help the user identify the instrument's bottleneck.

This Field Guide derives from the treatment of geometrical optics that has evolved from both the undergraduate and graduate programs at the Optical Sciences Center at the University of Arizona. The development is both rigorous and complete, and it features a consistent notation and sign convention. This volume covers Gaussian imagery, paraxial optics, first-order optical system design, system examples, illumination, chromatic effects, and an introduction to aberrations. The appendices provide supplemental material on radiometry and photometry, the human eye, and several other topics.

In concept and execution, this book covers the field of EAP with careful attention to all its key aspects and full infrastructure, including the available materials, analytical models, processing techniques, and characterization methods. In this second edition the reader is brought current on promising advances in EAP that have occurred in electric EAP, electroactive polymer gels, ionomeric polymer-metal composites, carbon nanotube actuators, and more.

Visual optics requires an understanding of both biology and optical engineering. This Field Guide assembles the anatomy, physiology, and functioning of the eye, as well as the engineering and design of a wide assortment of tools for measuring, photographing, and characterizing properties of the surfaces and structures of the eye. Also covered are the diagnostic techniques, lenses, and surgical techniques used to correct and improve human vision.

Here for the first time is an integrated mathematical view of the physics and numerical modeling of optical projection lithography that efficiently covers the full spectrum of the important concepts. Alfred Wong offers rigorous underpinning, clarity in systematic formulation, physical insight into emerging ideas, as well as a system level view of the parameter tolerances required in manufacturing. Readers with a good working knowledge of calculus can follow the step-by-step development, and technologists can gather general concepts and the key equations that result. Even the casual reader will gain a perspective on the key concepts, which will likely help facilitate dialog among technologists.

The polarization of light is one of the most remarkable phenomena in nature and has led to numerous discoveries and applications. The nature and mathematical formulation of unpolarized light and partially polarized light were not readily forthcoming until the 1950s, when questions about polarized light and the mathematical tools to deal with it began to be addressed in earnest. As a result, there is a very good understanding of polarized light today. The primary objective of this guide is to provide an introduction to the developments in polarized light that have taken place over the past half-century, and present the most salient topics of the subject matter such as Mueller matrices, Stokes polarization parameters, and Jones matrices.

This book provides a comprehensive account of the theory of image formation in a confocal fluorescence microscope as well as a practical guideline to the operation of the instrument, its limitations, and the interpretation of confocal microscopy data. The appendices provide a quick reference to optical theory, microscopy-related formulas and definitions, and Fourier theory.

The content in this Field Guide starts with traditional illumination in imaging systems, followed by the recent advances in computer-aided design of high efficiency nonimaging illumination optics, along with the modern source models that support these techniques. In this title, sections on the illumination of visual displays are included as well as some important topics on architectural illumination.

This tutorial text provides an introduction to the subject of radiation thermometry, focusing on sources of measurement error and giving advice on methods for minimizing or eliminating these errors. Topics covered herein include: blackbody radiation, emissivity, reflection errors, and atmospheric absorption and emission; commonly used radiation thermometer types; uncertainty calculation; and procedures for in-house calibration of radiation thermometers. Included is a chapter containing detailed measurement examples for a variety of furnace types and operating conditions found in the methanol, ammonia, and refining industries.

Many items we use in our daily lives - the traffic signals, motion sensors, fingerprint readers, cell phone cameras, bar code scanners, and DVD players - rely upon plastic optical systems to perform. Consequently, there is a growing need for individuals who are knowledgeable in the design, development, and production of such systems. This book provides an overview of the design of plastic optical systems and is structured along the lines of a typical development project. Following a brief background discussion, the advantages and disadvantages of plastic optics are considered. Next, the available materials and their properties are described, as well as the issues of material selection and specification. Various manufacturing methods are reviewed, followed by a chapter on design guidelines, leading into several design examples. Following the examples, the prototyping and testing of a design is covered. Finally, bringing the design to production is discussed. Several groups will benefit from the material presented, including optical engineers, technical managers, and engineers of other disciplines who need to design and develop plastic optical systems but lack the knowledge or training to do so. With the help of this book, readers should understand the benefits and limitations of plastic optical systems and be able to determine if this technology is appropriate for their applications. They will have the basic knowledge to undertake the design of these systems, should they choose to do so themselves, or they will be able to have the appropriate conversations with the individuals or companies they ask to perform the work.

In its first update in 10 years, this text describes the characterization of all modern infrared imaging systems. In this new edition: the concept of target/background [DELTA]T (delta-T) with its dependence on background temperature is clarified; description of the three-dimensional noise model has been expanded with test methods plainly addressed; and, major updates were made to delineate Scanning and staring array methodologies in MTF measurement, and advantages and disadvantages of each are discussed.Although MRT test procedures have not changed very much over the years, observer variability is now well-documented in this title. All figures and graphs have been redrawn in this title. It is copublished with JCD Publishing.

This classic tutorial text provides a basic understanding of many fundamental optical principles. The second edition has been updated to reflect the development of electronic sensors, as well as the advent of mainstream consumer optical products. Chapters also emphasize the application of state-of-the-art computer software to generate solutions to related lens design and optimization problems. This is an ideal textbook for introductory courses at advanced high school and college levels. For those who proceed to work in the field of optical engineering, this book will provide a convenient source of valuable, basic reference material.

This text is designed to introduce engineers-in-training to the basic concepts and operation of 3D imaging LADAR systems. The book covers laser range equations; sources of noise in LADAR signals; LADAR waveforms; the effects of wavefront propagation on LADAR beams through optical systems and atmospheric turbulence; algorithms for detecting, ranging, and tracking targets; and comprehensive system simulation. Computer code for accomplishing the many examples appearing throughout the text is provided. Exercises appear at the end of each chapter, allowing students to apply concepts studied throughout the text to fundamental problems encountered by LADAR engineers. Also included is a CD-ROM with the MATLAB code from the examples.