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A first-hand account of the early days of World War I'..it obeys the formalities of regimental history, while at the same time using powerfully condensed word pictures to convey the paradoxical horror of it all.' (The Irish Times)

An examination of the origins of the Irish Question, first published in 1936, which considers Queen Elizabeth I's disastrous attempts to annexe and subdue Ulster, and the political confusion that followed.

This study of Irish Unionists in the Edwardian House of Commons fills an important gap in Anglo-Irish history, and is the first to examine the role of parliamentary action within the political strategies of organized loyalism. In reconstructing a neglected parliamentary party, Dr Jackson sheds new light on the mobilization of Unionism in Ireland, and on the bond between loyalism and British Conservatism. Rejecting the conventional and dismissive view of these MPs, he argues that the Irish Unionist parliamentary party possessed both influence and durability throughout the early development of popular opposition to Home Rule. By 1905, however, a combination of local dissent, and an increasingly unsympathetic Conservative leadership threatened the party's effectiveness. The book shows how Irish Unionists were forced to abandon their dependence on the House of Commons in favour of agitation and organization in Ulster. This, in turn, helps to explain why loyalists turned to a militant strategy in the years 1912-14.Dr Jackson draws on a wide range of manuscript collections and contemporary political comment to produce a study which restores the Edwardian Irish Unionist movement to a British political context, and provides a new understanding of the nature of its local development.

The Ulster Unionist Party: Country Before Party? uses unprecedented access to the party that dominated Northern Ireland politics for decades to assess the reasons for its decline and to analyse whether it can recover. Having helped produce the Belfast/Good Friday Agreement, the Ulster Unionist Party (UUP) struggled to deliver the deal amid unease over aspects of what its leadership negotiated. Paramilitary prisoner releases, policing changes, and power-sharing with the republican 'enemy' were all controversial. As the UUP leader won a Nobel Peace Prize, his party began to lost elections. For the UUP leadership, acceptance of change was the right thing to do for Northern Ireland - a case of putting country before party.The decades since the peace agreement have seen the UUP eclipsed by the rival Democratic Unionist Party (DUP) even though most of what the UUP agreed in 1998 has remained in place. This book examines the travails of the UUP in recent times. It draws upon the first-ever survey of UUP members and a wide range of interviews, including with the five most recent leaders of the party, to analyse the reasons for its reverses and the capacity to revive. The volume assesses why the UUP's (still sizeable) membership remains loyal and discusses what the UUP and unionism means to those members, in terms of loyalty, policy, national and religious identity, views of other parties and what a shared future in Northern Ireland will constitute. Amid Brexit and talk of a border poll, crises of devolved government, rows with republicans and intra-unionist tensions, how secure and confident does the UUP membership feel about Northern Ireland's future?Written by the same expert team that produced an award-winning book on the DUP, this book is indispensable to understanding parties and political change in divided societies.

This book aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the use of peace agreements from a legal perspective. The book describes and evaluates the development of contemporary peace agreement practice, and the documents which emerge. It sets out what is in essence an anatomy of peace agreement practice, and locates this practice with reference to the role of law. The author argues that a lex pacificatoria or law of the peacemakers is developing which is both significantly reshaping international law, and producing new forms of constitutionalism at the domestic level. The last fifteen years have seen a proliferation of peace agreements. These peace agreements have been produced as a result of complex peace processes involving multi-party negotiations between the main protagonists of conflict, often with the involvement of international actors. They document attempts to end conflict, and this book argues that they play an underestimated role in a political process that centrally revolves around law. Understanding peace agreements is important to understanding contemporary peace processes.Law plays two key roles with respect to peace agreements: first, to the extent that peace agreements themselves form legal documents, law plays a role in the 'enforcement' or implementation of the peace agreement; second, international law has a relationship to peace agreement negotiation and content, in an enabling or regulatory capacity. The aim of the book is to evaluate the role which law plays both in enforcing peace agreements and through a normative framework which constrains the ways in which they operate. This evaluation reveals a deeper link between the legal status of peace agreements and their normative regulation as mutually shaping, in what is argued to be a developing lex pacificatoria - or law of the peace makers. This lex pacificatoria stands as an account of the way in which international law shapes and is shaped by peace agreements, in ways which impact on contemporary debates about the force of international law.

Evangelical Protestantism in Ulster is the most influential and historically significant sector of Christianity in Northern Ireland. This innovative and controversial book explores different Evangelical responses to the declining fate of Ulster Unionism during the period from Partition in 1921 to the 1998 Good Friday Agreement. Focusing on how religious belief has interacted with national identity in a context of political conflict, it eschews a reductionist or purely historical approach to interpreting religion. Rather, using a combination of historical and theological material, Patrick Mitchel offers a critical assessment of how Evangelical identities in Ulster have embodied the religious beliefs and values to which they subscribe. Evangelical Protestantism is often associated only with the Orange Order and with the controversial figure of Ian Paisley. This book's fresh analysis of a spectrum of Evangelical opinion, including the frequently overlooked moderate Evangelicals, provides a more rounded picture that shows why and how Evangelical Christians in Ulster are deeply divided over politics, national identity, and the current Peace Process. Patrick Mitchel concludes with a critical assessment of the political and theological challenges facing different Evangelical identities in the context of identity conflict in Northern Ireland. This is an invaluable guide to understanding both the past and contemporary mindset of Ulster Protestantism.

A century ago this year, productions of W. B. Yeats's The Countess Cathleen and Edward Martyn's The Heather Field inaugurated the Irish Literary Theatre, which was to take its name from its home in Abbey Street, Dublin. Despite riot, fire, and critical controversy, the Abbey Theatre has housed Ireland's National Theatre ever since: at once the catalyst and focus for the almost unprecedented renaissance of drama witnessed by Ireland in the twentieth century. This is the first history of the Abbey to discuss the plays and the personalities in their underlying historical and political context, to give due weight to the theatre's work in Irish, and to take stock of its artistic and financial development up to the present. The research for the book draws extensively on archive sources, especially the manuscript holdings on the Abbey at the National Library of Ireland.Many outstanding plays are examined, with detailed analysis of their form and their affective and emotional content; and persistent themes in the Abbey's output are identified - visions of an ideal community; the revival of Irish; the hunger for land and money; the restrictions of a society undergoing profound change. But these are integrated with accounts of the Abbey's people, from Yeats, Martyn, and Lady Gregory, whose brainchild it was, to the actors, playwrights, directors, and managers who have followed - among them the Fays, Synge, O'Casey, Murray, Robinson, Shiels, Johnston, Murphy, Molloy, Friel, McGuiness, Deevy, Carr, and many others. The role of directors and policy-makers, and the struggle for financial security, subsidy, and new-style 'partnerships', is discussed as a crucial part of the theatre's continuing evolution.

This is the first full-length study of the extraordinary period of intense poetic activity in Belfast known as the Ulster Renaissance - a time when young Northern Irish poets such as Seamus Heaney, Derek Mahon, Michael Longley, James Simmons, and Paul Muldoon began crafting their art, and tuning their voices through each other. Drawing extensively upon new archival material, as well as personal interviews and correspondence, The Ulster Renaissance argues that these poets' friendships and rivalries were crucial to their autonomous artistic development. The book also sheds new light on the idea of a collaborative Belfast coterie - often treated derisively by critics - and shows that the poets frequently engaged in efforts to promote a cohesive 'Northern' literary community, distinct from that which existed in London and Dublin. It suggests that it was this cohesion - at turns inclusive and confining - which ultimately challenged the Belfast poets to find their individual voices.

A historical study of the most influential and important Protestant group in Northern Ireland - the Ulster Presbyterians. Andrew R. Holmes argues that to understand Ulster Presbyterianism is to begin to understand the character of Ulster Protestantism more generally and the relationship between religion and identity in present-day Northern Ireland. He examines the various components of public and private religiosity and how these were influenced by religious concerns, economic and social changes, and cultural developments. He takes the religious beliefs and practices of the laity seriously in their own right, and thus allows for a better understanding of the Presbyterian community more generally.

Ulster Since 1600 surveys the history of the province from plantation to partition, and onwards from the formation of the Northern Ireland state to the 'Troubles' of recent decades. It synthesises existing historical knowledge and also brings new insights to bear on the political, social, and economic evolution of the province and its peoples. The word 'Ulster' conjures up images of communal conflict, sectarianism, and peace processes of indefinite duration but, as this volume shows, there is much more to the history of Ulster and its peoples. From the Plantation of Ulster in the early seventeenth century, the province has been home to three major ethnic and religious groups. It was this radically reconstituted society that produced a precociously early emigration to North America, that celebrated the outbreak of the French Revolution, and that in the Victorian era hosted Ireland's first industrial city. Its rural poor suffered destruction and death during the Great Famine of the 1840s, along with their counterparts in the south of Ireland. Its urban working classes had much in common with the industrial classes of England and Scotland, in terms of religiosity, popular entertainment, labour movements, gender, and family relationships. This multi-authored volume is a major contribution to the history of Ireland and to Ireland's contested place in the British and the wider world.

A timely assessment of loyalist history, identity and community in Northern Ireland today which provides a comprehensive picture of how loyalism has reacted to changes since the Good Friday Agreement. Challenging simplistic stereotypes of loyalism this book provides a complex multi-faceted explanation of the loyalist imagination.

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The remote, rugged, rough country of North West Ulster possesses buildings as varied as its landscape. Monuments of the Celtic church - sculptured cross-slabs, high crosses and round towers - and medieval tower houses survive from its earliest centuries. Fortified houses from the Plantation period are succeeded by Georgian mansions, and the richly varied urban and rural buildings of the Victorian period. In its churches both Protestant and Catholic, North West Ulster shows itself no less diverse.

The South Ulster volume of the Buildings of Ireland covers the inland counties of Cavan, Monaghan and Armagh, an area stretching from the thinly populated uplands around the Cuilcagh Mountains and the cradle of the Shannon to the fertile Blackwater Valley and the southern shores of Lough Neagh. The architecture of the region is as varied as the landscapes that receive it, with building materials adding to the variety while ensuring that the buildings – whether vernacular in spirit or more formally designed – express a deep sense of belonging.

The object of this book is to provide a reasonably comprehensive survey of the social and economic problems of Northern Ireland. It begins with a brief historical survey that helps to explain why the majority of the people in this area have been unsympathetic to Irish republicanism and anxious to maintain the British connection. The book goes on to describe the Constitution and to show how the governing of the province is divided between Westminster and Belfast. It also deals with social and economic questions.

This major work of synthesis presents an up-to-date assessment of the issues at the very root of the troubles in Northern Ireland. Framed against the background of Ulster history since the early 17th century, the major factors in the development of the Ulster question since 1945 are examined. These include:- The evolution of Ulster Unionism and the Nationalist and Republican traditions- The role of Britain- The increasingly important part played by external actors, especially the USA.Since the outbreak of the present troubles in August 1969, a thriving academic literature on Ulster and its history has emerged. Based on the most authoritative texts, this thoroughly revised and updated edition includes new materials on the period as a whole, and an assessment of the developments since the signing of the Good Friday Agreement in 1998.

This major new book represents the first serious study of Irish evangelicalism. The authors examine the social history of popular protestantism in Ulster from the Evangelical Revival in the mid-eighteenth century to the conflicts generated by proposals for Irish Home Rule at the end of the nineteenth century. Many of the central themes of the book are at the forefront of recent work on popular religion including the relationship between religion and national identity, the role of women in popular religion, the causes and consequences of religious revivalism, and the impact of social change on religious experience. The authors draw on a wide range of primary sources from the early eighteenth to the late nineteenth century. In addition, they display an impressive mastery of the wider literature on popular religion in the period.

Offers coverage of a wide area in animal gut microbiology. This book addresses colonisation and development (succession), and mucosal surface composition of the normal microbial population flora in the healthy animal, giving information on diverse and dominating bacterial populations of different animal types.

Speak. Speak loud and clear. Let them hear you in Belfast. Let the Fenians hear it everywhere. Let the Hun hear the sons of Ulster preaching war.On 1 July 1916, the 36th (Ulster) Division took part in one of the bloodiest battles in human history, the Battle of the Somme. In the extraordinary circumstances of World War I, eight ordinary men are changed, changed utterly.Observe the Sons of Ulster Marching Towards the Somme premiered on the Peacock Stage at the Abbey Theatre, Dublin, 1985.'A great act of theatrical generosity.' GUARDIAN

This is the first substantial history to trace the political development of the Ulster Unionist Party through the years of protest and opposition to Irish Home Rule to the half-century as a governing party within Northern Ireland, and beyond to the current attempts to bring peace to the Province. It demonstrates why the Party is so central to efforts to reach a political settlement, and explains why it has for so long been the main political voice of the pro-Union electorate in Northern Ireland.An important and scholarly work based on extensive primary source research, it brings to light forgotten historical episodes of contemporary political significance, and provides new angles on old controversies and debates. The book discusses the evolution of the Ulster Unionist Party with reference to competing ideological currents, class and social tensions within the Unionist movement, and the role of leadership figures and maverick personalities. This is a book that maps the party’s historical journey from the dramatic days of Carson to the current predicaments of Trimble.

The end of Ulster loyalism? explores the dynamics and divisions within paramilitary groups since the mid-1970s. It details and explains the nature of Loyalist conflict transformation, a key model of transition that is relevant to arenas beyond Northern Ireland. It communicates a history of transition and, at times, regression within the Ulster Volunteer Force, Ulster Defence Association, Loyalist Volunteer Force and Red Hand Commando. It details the internal and external impediments and violence from within regressive elements, the wreckers and spoilers, who aimed to undermine positive peace-building. The book also discusses the nature and extent of loyalist violence and provides a rarely heard Loyalist voice regarding State-led collusion. Loyalist ideas and opinions are revealed that until now have been largely invisible, and the book highlights how an extensive element of positive Loyalist renewal has been purposefully suppressed and unmentioned.In examining both positive and regressive Loyalism this book creates a holistic and honest analysis of groups that are emerging, sometimes awkwardly, out of violence. From violence to the location of Loyalist transition, through internal feuding and towards restorative justice, community leadership and mural re-imaging this book asserts a definite and robust examination of the future of Loyalism. This will be a key text for any student of politics, criminology, human geography and conflict and conflict transformation and is particularly relevant to the scholarship of pro-State groups who are infrequently considered in academic deliberations.