Digital Image Processing

Rafael C. Gonzalez received the B.S.E.E. degree from the University of Miami in 1965 and the M.E. and Ph.D. degrees in electrical engineering from the University of Florida, Gainesville, in 1967 and 1970, respectively. He joined the Electrical and Computer Engineering Department at University of Tennessee, Knoxville (UTK) in 1970, where he became Associate Professor in 1973, Professor in 1978, and Distinguished Service Professor in 1984. He served as Chairman of the department from 1994 through 1997. He is currently a Professor Emeritus at UTK. Gonzalez is the founder of the Image & Pattern Analysis Laboratory and the Robotics & Computer Vision Laboratory at the University of Tennessee. He also founded Perceptics Corporation in 1982 and was its president until 1992. The last three years of this period were spent under a full-time employment contract with Westinghouse Corporation, who acquired the company in 1989. Under his direction, Perceptics became highly successful in image processing, computer vision, and laser disk storage technology. In its initial ten years, Perceptics introduced a series of innovative products, including: The world's first commercially-available computer vision system for automatically reading the license plate on moving vehicles; a series of large-scale image processing and archiving systems used by the U.S. Navy at six different manufacturing sites throughout the country to inspect the rocket motors of missiles in the Trident II Submarine Program; the market leading family of imaging boards for advanced Macintosh computers; and a line of trillion-byte laser disk products. He is a frequent consultant to industry and government in the areas of pattern recognition, image processing, and machine learning. His academic honors for work in these fields include the 1977 UTK College of Engineering Faculty Achievement Award; the 1978 UTK Chancellor's Research Scholar Award; the 1980 Magnavox Engineering Professor Award; and the 1980 M.E. Brooks Distinguished Professor Award. In 1981 he became an IBM Professor at the University of Tennessee and in 1984 he was named a Distinguished Service Professor there. He was awarded a Distinguished Alumnus Award by the University of Miami in 1985, the Phi Kappa Phi Scholar Award in 1986, and the University of Tennessee's Nathan W. Dougherty Award for Excellence in Engineering in 1992. Honors for industrial accomplishment include the 1987 IEEE Outstanding Engineer Award for Commercial Development in Tennessee; the 1988 Albert Rose Nat'l Award for Excellence in Commercial Image Processing; the 1989 B. Otto Wheeley Award for Excellence in Technology Transfer; the 1989 Coopers and Lybrand Entrepreneur of the Year Award; the 1992 IEEE Region 3 Outstanding Engineer Award; and the 1993 Automated Imaging Association National Award for Technology Development. Gonzalez is author or co-author of over 100 technical articles, two edited books, and four textbooks in the fields of pattern recognition, image processing and robotics. His books are used in over 500 universities and research institutions throughout the world. He is listed in the prestigious Marquis Who's Who in America, Marquis Who's Who in Engineering, Marquis Who's Who in the World, and in 10 other national and international biographical citations. He ii the co-holder of two U.S. Patents, and has been an associate editor of the IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man and Cybernetics, and the International Journal of Computer and Information Sciences. He is a member of numerous professional and honorary societies, including Tau Beta Pi, Phi Kappa Phi, Eta Kapp Nu, and Sigma Xi. He is a Fellow of the IEEE. Richard E. Woods earned his B.S., M.S., and Ph.D. degrees in Electrical Engineering from the University of Tennessee, Knoxville. His professional experiences range from entrepreneurial to the more traditional academic, consulting; governmental, and industrial pursuits. Most recently, he founded MedData Int

DRAFT

Chapters end with a Summary, References and Further Reading, and Problems.

1. Introduction.

What Is Digital Image Processing? The Origins of Digital Image Processing. Examples of Fields that Use Digital Image Processing. Fundamental Steps in Digital Image Processing. Components of an Image Processing System.

2. Digital Image Fundamentals.

Elements of Visual Perception. Light and the Electromagnetic Spectrum. Image Sensing and Acquisition. Image Sampling and Quantization. Some Basic Relationships Between Pixels. Linear and Nonlinear Operations.

3. Image Enhancement in the Spatial Domain.

Background. Some Basic Gray Level Transformations. Histogram Processing. Enhancement Using Arithmetic/Logic Operations. Basics of Spatial Filtering. Smoothing Spatial Filters. Sharpening Spatial Filters. Combining Spatial Enhancement Methods.

4. Image Enhancement in the Frequency Domain.

Background. Introduction to the Fourier Transform and the Frequency Domain. Smoothing Frequency-Domain Filters. Sharpening Frequency Domain Filters. Homomorphic Filtering. Implementation.

5. Image Restoration.

A Model of the Image Degradation/Restoration Process. Noise Models. Restoration in the Presence of Noise Only-Spatial Filtering. Periodic Noise Reduction by Frequency Domain Filtering. Linear, Position-Invariant Degradations. Estimating the Degradation Function. Inverse Filtering. Minimum Mean Square Error (Wiener) Filtering. Constrained Least Squares Filtering. Geometric Mean Filter. Geometric Transformations.

6. Color Image Processing.

Color Fundamentals. Color Models. Pseudocolor Image Processing. Basics of Full-Color Image Processing. Color Transformations. Smoothing and Sharpening. Color Segmentation. Noise in Color Images. Color Image Compression.

7. Wavelets and Multiresolution Processing.

Background. Multiresolution Expansions. Wavelet Transforms in One Dimension. The Fast Wavelet Transform. Wavelet Transforms in Two Dimensions. Wavelet Packets.

8. Image Compression.

Fundamentals. Image Compression Models. Elements of Information Theory. Error-Free Compression. Lossy Compression. Image Compression Standards.

9. Morphological Image Processing.

Preliminaries. Dilation and Erosion. Opening and Closing. The Hit-or-Miss Transformation. Some Basic Morphological Algorithms. Extensions to Gray-Scale Images.

10. Image Segmentation.

Detection of Discontinuities. Edge Linking and Boundary Detection. Thresholding. Region-Based Segmentation. Segmentation by Morphological Watersheds. The Use of Motion in Segmentation.

11. Representation and Descr...