From Sound to Synapse

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<br>C. Daniel Geisler, Sc.D., is Emeritus Professor of Neurophysiology and of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the University of Wisconsin-Madison.<br>

1. Introduction; The Task of the Ear; Two Overriding Characteristics of the Ears Transformations; General Features of this Book; Entre; I. MECHANISMS OF THE EAR; 2. Sound Waves; Propagation of Sound Waves; Amplitudes; Waveforms; The Frequency-Pressure Range of Human Perception; 3. The External Ear; Acoustic Considerations; Physical Mechanisms of Interaurnal Sound Differences; Implications Regarding Performance of the Auditory System; 4. The Middle Ear; The Reptilian Middle Ear; The Mammalian Middle Ear; Middle-Ear Muscles; Diagnostic Tests Involving the Middle Ear; Recapitulation; 5. Sound-Induced Vibrations within the Inner Ear; Basic Anatomy; Sound Propagation within the Inner Ear; Mechanical Measurements Made in Dead Cochleas; A Model of Cochlear-Partition Vibrations; Mechanical Measurements Made in Living Cochleas; Response Patterns to Complex Sounds; A Look Ahead; 6. Transfer of Sound-Induced Vibrations to Sensing Cells; Functional Anatomy; Basic Mechanical Motions; Chemical And Electrical Milieu of the Organ of Corti; II. HAIR-CELL FUNCTIONS; 7. Transduction Processes in Hair Cells; Ultra-Structural Anatomy; Transduction of Ciliary Rotations into Cell Potentials; Mechanisms of Hair-Cell Frequency Selectivity; 8. Hair Cells of the Mammalian Cochlea; Structural Anatomy; Ion Flows through Plasma Membranes; Basic Electrophysiology; Transduction Potentials; Motility of Outer Hair Cells (Reverse Transduction); 9. The Cochlear Amplifier; Historical Background; The Role of Outer Hair Cells I Cochlear-Partition; A Cochlear Mode; Another Possible Amplification Process; Summary; 10. Nonlinear Responses of the Cochlear Partition: Suppressions and Otoacoustic Emissions; Review of Linear Systems; Two-Tone Suppressions; Otoacoustic Emissions; Summary of Nonlinear Phenomena; III. NEURAL RESPONSES; 11. Afferent Innervation; Synaptic Transmission between Hair Cells and Afferent Neurons; Neural Activity in the Absence of Deliberate Acoustic Stimulation; 12. Responses of Primary Auditory Neurons to Single Tones; General Pattern of Responses; Properties of Discharge-Rate Responses; Temporal Synchronization of Discharges to Stimulus; 13. Responses of Primary Auditory Neurons to Other Basic Sounds; Relationships between Time and Frequency; Responses to Clicks; Responses to Modulated Tones; Responses to Pairs of Tones; Coda; 14. Responses of Primary Auditory Neurons to Speech Sounds; Speech Acoustics; Responses to Vowel Sounds; Responses to Certain Voiceless Consonants; A Class of Useful Models; Responses to Consonant-Vowel Combinations (Syllables); Responses to Syllables in Noise; Summary; 15. Feedback from the Central Nervous System; Anatomy; Responses of Single Efferent Neurons; Cochlear Responses to Efferent-System Activation; Neurotransmitters of the Efferent Systems; A Model of MOC Efferent Activity; Functions of the Cochlear Efferent System; The Roles of Efferents in Other Acoustico-Lateralis Systems; Synopsis; IV. DAMAGE AND TREATMENT; 16. Damage to the Ear and Hearing Impairment; Threats to the Sense of Hearing; Defects in the External and Middle Ears (Conductive Hearing Losses); Defects in the Inner Ear (Sensory and Strial Losses); Defects of Primary Auditory Neurons (Neural Pathology); Tinnitus; Summary; 17. Treatments of Damaged Ears; Introduction; Procedures and Prostheses for Treating Middle-Ear Disorders; Aids for Treating Inner-Ear Disorders; Treatments of Tinnitus; Repair and Regrowth of the Damaged Cochlea; Curtain; Appendix A: Fourier Theory: The Representation of Continuous Waveforms with Sinusoids; Sinusoids (Sines and Cosines); The Usefulness of Sinusoids; Harmonic Relationships; Fourier Series; The Fast Fourier Transform; Aperiodic Signals; Other Analysis Techniques; Appendix B: Acoustic Resonances; Appendix C: Impedance; Responses to Linear (Time-Invariant) Systems; Impedance Calculations; Index; Bibliography