Nystagmus In Infancy and Childhood

"This book is unique in that it describes, illustrates, and shares current understanding, evaluation and treatment of nystagmus in infancy and childhood. The duo of authors named below have broadened the frontiers of knowledge on this disorder, as you will discover from the research-based information provided in this book, with discussions and reference sources; and graphics, including charts, figures, formulas, images, and tables." --Biz India

<br>Richard W. Hertle MD, FACS, FAAO, FAAP, is Chief of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Director of Adult Motility at The Laboratory of Visual and Ocular Motor Physiology, Children's Hospital Medical Center of Akron, as well as Professor of Ophthalmology at SUMMA Health System, Akron, Ohio and The Northeastern Ohio Universities College of Medicine, Rootstown, OH. <br>Louis F. Dell'Osso, PhD, is Professor of Neurology and Biomedical Engineering at Case Western Reserve University and Laboratory, Louis Stokes Cleveland, VA Medical Center.<br>

CHAPTER 1. RELEVANT ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY; 1.1 INFRANUCLEAR OCULAR MOTOR ANATOMY; 1.1.1 EXTRAOCULAR MUSCLES; 1.1.2 EXTRAOCULAR MUSCLE PULLEYS; 1.1.3 ORBITAL TISSUES; 1.2 SUPRANUCLEAR OCULAR MOTOR ANATOMY; 1.2.1 FRONTAL EYE FIELDS; 1.2.2 SUPERIOR COLLICULUS; 1.2.3 BRAINSTEM NUCLEI; 1.2.4 VESTIBULAR NUCLEI; 1.2.5 CEREBELLUM; 1.3 AFFERENT SYSTEM; 1.3.1 RETINA/OPTIC NERVE; 1.3.2 OPTIC NERVE; 1.3.3 LATERAL GENICULATE; 1.3.4 GENICULOSTRIATE; 1.3.5 ASSOCIATION CORTEX; 1.3.6 OCULAR MOTOR PROPRIOCEPTION; 1.4 EFFERENT SYSTEM; 1.4.1 SMOOTH PURSUIT SYSTEM; 1.4.2 SACCADIC SYSTEM; 1.4.3 VERGENCE SYSTEM; 1.4.4 VESTIBULOOCULAR SYSTEM; CHAPTER 2. INFANTILE NYSTAGMUS SYNDROME; 2.1 CHARACTERISTICS OF INS; 2.1.1 HISTORY AND BACKGROUND; 3.1.1.1 ANCIENT DESCRIPTIONS AND THEORIES; 3.1.1.2 CONNECTION TO FIXATION ATTEMPT; 3.1.1.3 MODERN PHYSIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION; 2.1.2 WAVEFORMS, MODELS, AND MECHANISMS; 3.1.2.1 WAVEFORM TYPES; 3.1.2.2 BRAKING AND FOVEATING SACCADES; 3.1.2.3 THE FOVEATION PERIOD; 3.1.2.4 FOVEATION ACCURACY; 3.1.2.5 TARGET ACQUISITION TIME; 3.1.2.6 SMOOTH PURSUIT; 2.1.3 THE STATIC NEUTRAL ZONE/REGION; 3.1.3.1 LATENT COMPONENT; 2.1.4 THE DYNAMIC NEUTRAL ZONE/REGION; 3.1.4.1 ASYMMETRIC, (A)PERIODIC ALTERNATION; 3.1.4.2 OPTOKINETIC, PURSUIT AND VESTIBULOOCULAR RESPONSES; 2.1.5 THE NULL ANGLE/ZONE/REGION; 2.1.6 THE CONVERGENCE NULL; 2.1.7 THE SACCADIC RESPONSE; 2.1.8 STATIC AND DYNAMIC HEAD POSTURING; 2.1.9 FOVEATION AND VISUAL ACUITY (HIGH SPATIAL FREQUENCY VISION); 2.1.9.1. THE EXPANDED NYSTAGMUS ACUITY FUNCTION (NAFX); 2.1.9.1.1 NAFX VS. GAZE ANGLE; 2.1.9.1.2 LFD AND TID; 2.1.10 OSCILLOPSIA SUPPRESSION; 2.1.10.1 FOVEATION DYNAMICS; 2.1.10.2 TEMPORAL SAMPLING; 2.1.10.3 EFFERENCE COPY; 2.1.11 AFFERENT STIMULATION; 2.1.11.1 CUTANEOUS TRIGEMINAL STIMULATION; 2.1.11.2 DEEP MUSCLE STIMULATION; 2.1.11.3 CONTACT LENSES; 2.1.11.4 BIOFEEDBACK; 2.1.12 CANINE NYSTAGMUS (ACHIASMATIC BELGIAN SHEEPDOG); 2.1.12.1 SEE-SAW; 2.1.12.2 PENDULAR; 2.1.12.3 TENOTOMY & REATTACHMENT PROCEDURE; 2.1.13 CANINE MODEL OF INS WITH RPE65 RETINAL DEGENERATION (BRIARD); 2.2 ETIOLOGY OF INS; 2.2.1 FAMILIAL (GENE DEFECT); 2.2.2 DEVELOPMENTAL DISTURBANCE OF OCULAR MOTOR SYSTEM WITH ASSOCIATED SENSORY SYSTEM DEFICIT; 2.2.2.1 ALBINISM; 2.2.2.2 ACHIASMA; 2.2.2.3 INFANTILE STRABISMUS; 2.2.2.4 NON-VECTORIAL VISUAL SENSORY DEFICITS; 2.2.3 THE DIRECT CAUSE(S) OF INS WITH OR WITHOUT SENSORY/GENETIC DEFICITS; 2.2.3.1 LOSS OF SMOOTH-PURSUIT DAMPING; 2.2.3.2 TONIC VESTIBULAR-OPTOKINETIC IMBALANCE; 2.3 VISUAL FUNCTION DEFICITS AND MEASUREMENTS OF INS; 2.3.1 STATIC DEFICITS; 2.3.1.1 THE EXPANDED NYSTAGMUS ACUITY FUNCTION AND LONGEST FOVEATION; DOMAIN MEASURES; 2.3.2 DYNAMIC DEFICITS; 2.3.2.1 TARGET ACQUISITION TIME (STATIONARY TARGETS); 2.3.2.2 TARGET ACQUISITION TIME (MOVING TARGETS); 2.3.3 CLINICAL; 2.3.3.1 VISUAL ACUITY AT DIFFERENT GAZE ANGLES; 2.4 TREATMENTS OF INS; 2.4.1 GOALS; 2.4.2 NON-SURGICAL; 2.4.2.1 PRISMS; 2.4.2.2 CONTACT LENSES; 2.4.2.3 DRUGS; 2.4.2.4 BIOFEEDBACK; 2.4.2.5 GENE-TRANSFER THERAPY; 2.4.3 SURGICAL; 2.4.3.1 FOUR-MUSCLE RESECTION & RECESSION PROCEDURE (OPERATION 1); (AKA KESTENBAUM, ANDERSON-KESTENBAUM, OR ANDERSON+GOTO); 2.4.3.2 TWO-MUSCLE RECESSION PROCEDURE (OPERATION 1A) (AKA ANDERSON); 2.4.3.3 BILATERAL MEDIAL RECTUS RECESSION PROCEDURE (OPERATION 8); 2.4.3.4 TENOTOMY & REATTACHMENT PROCEDURE (OPERATION 6); CHAPTER 3. FUSION MALDEVELOPMENT NYSTAGMUS SYNDROME; 3.1 CHARACTERISTICS OF FMNS; 3.1.1 WAVEFORMS, MODELS, AND MECHANISMS; 3.1.1.1 TYPES (FMNS PLUS NUCLEUS OF THE OPTIC TRACT); 3.1.1.2 THE FIXATING EYE; 3.1.1.3 TARGET FOVEATION AND DUAL-MODE FAST PHASES; 3.1.1.4 FOVEATION ACCURACY; 3.1.2 VARIATION WITH GAZE ANGLE; 3.1.3 HEAD POSITION; 3.1.4 FOVEATION, NAFX, AND ACUITY; 3.1.5 EFFERENCE COPY, FOVEATION, AND OSCILLOPSIA SUPPRESSION; 3.2 TREATMENTS OF FMNS; 3.2.1. FIXATION PREFERENCE; 3.2.2. ALEXANDER'S LAW; 3.2.3. EYE MUSCLE SURGERY; CHAPTER 4. OTHER TYPES OF NYSTAGMUS OF INFANCY; 4.1 NYSTAGMUS BLOCKAGE SYNDROME; 4.1.1 CHARACTERISTICS OF NB