The Human Rights Council

`This book tackles an important question for international human rights law: how effective is the United Nations Human Rights Councils Universal Periodic Review (UPR) mechanism? It does so in the context of in-depth studies of African states: Nigeria, Kenya, The Gambia, and South Africa. The book finds that overall the UPR is effective as a non-confrontational system to encourage states to improve their implementation of their international human rights commitments. It also acknowledges many of the limitations and weaknesses of the UPR in practice. The book is a valuable contribution to the literature on the UPR. Its strength lies in its careful analysis and the detail in the case studies. The author has engaged in an impressively close analysis of the way that African states have engaged in the UPR process over its three cycles and the way in which they have responded to UPR recommendations. The author has built on existing methodologies and extended them. The Figures presented in the case studies were very effective. A fascinating observation in the book relates to the role of regionalism in the UPR. The author points to the fact that regionalism operates strongly in the African context, with African states much more willing to accept UPR recommendations from other African states. He notes that some scholars have criticised this feature of the UPR, but observes perceptively that the regionalism can also facilitate acculturation to human rights standards. The author displays an excellent knowledge of the relevant literature and he has gone well beyond the legal literature to draw upon studies in international relations, sociology and psychology. Professor Hilary Charlesworth, Melbourne Laureate Professor at Melbourne Law School and Distinguished Professor at the Australian National University

Damian Etone is a Lecturer at the Division of Law and Philosophy, University of Stirling, United Kingdom.

1 The establishment and operation of the Universal Periodic Review (UPR) 2 Theoretical understanding of the UPR: a case for acculturation? 3 Compliance, implementation and effectiveness: clarifying the basis for assessing state UPR engagement 4 Nigerias engagement with the HRCs UPR: potential for acculturation or risk of regression? 5 Kenya and the UPR: the impact of effective NGO engagement 6 NGOs versus state recommendations and the relationship between the UPR and other human rights mechanisms: the case of Kenya 7 The effectiveness of South Africas engagement with the UPR: potential for ritualism 8 The Gambia and the UPR: rhetoric, inaction and the effect of regime change