Financial Instruments and Institutions

Stephen G. Ryan is an Associate Professor of Accounting and Robert Stovall Faculty Fellow at the SternSchool of Business, New York University. Prior to that position, he was an assistant professor of accounting at the Yale School of Organization and Management and has been an associate consultant with Bain & Company. He has written numerous articles that have appeared in such publications as Accounting Horizons, Financial Analysts Journal, the Accounting Review, and the Journal of Financial Statement Analysis. He is an Editor of the Review of Accounting Studies. In addition, he is on the FASB's Financial Institutions Advisory Group and its Liabilities and Equity Resource Group.

Preface ix Acknowledgments xvii Chapter 1 Financial Instruments and Institutions 1 Main Ingredients of the Analysis of Financial Instruments 4 Activities and Risks of Financial Institutions 11 Valuation of Financial Institutions in Practice 16 Chapter 2 Nature and Regulation of Depository Institutions 19 Activities of Depository Institutions 19 Bank Regulation 22 Bank Subtypes 35 Recent Trends 38 Chapter 3 Thrifts 45 Financial Statement Structure 46 Main Risk-Return Trade-Offs and Financial Analysis Issues 56 Chapter 4 Interest Rate Risk and Net Interest Earnings 63 Views of Interest Rate Risk 64 Interest Rate Risk Concepts 66 Analysis of Net Interest Earnings 78 Rate-Volume Analysis 81 Repricing Gap Disclosures 84 Chapter 5 Credit Risk and Losses 93 Economics of Credit Risk 95 Accounts for Loans and Loan Losses 97 Accounting and Disclosure Rules for Unimpaired Loans 100 Accounting and Disclosure Rules for Impaired Loans 107 Loan Portfolio Quality and Loan Loss Reserve Adequacy 110 Research on Banks' Loan Loss Reserves 118 Appendix 5A: SunTrust Banks-After the Restatement 119 Chapter 6 Fair Value Accounting for Financial Instruments: Concepts, Disclosures, and Investment Securities 131 Fair Value Accounting for Financial Instruments 133 Disclosures of the Fair Value of Financial Instruments 141 Investment Securities 149 Appendix 6A: Washington Federal's Big Gap 158 Chapter 7 Mortgage Banks 161 Mortgage Banking Industry, Major Players, and Activities 162 Financial Statement Structure 167 Main Risk-Return Trade-Offs and Financial Analysis Issues 174 Accounting for Fees and Costs 186 Chapter 8 Securitizations 189 Why and What? 192 Securitization Structures 196 SFAS No. 140 204 Financial Analysis Issues 216 Empirical Research on Securitizations 221 Servicing Rights and Prepayment-Sensitive Securities 222 Appendix 8A: Doral Financial's Interesting Interest-Only Strips 224 Chapter 9 Elements of Structured Finance Transactions 235 Special-Purpose/Variable-Interest Entities 236 Related Transactions 244 Hybrid Financial Instruments 248 Financial Guarantees 251 Recent SEC Decisions Regarding Structured Finance Transactions 253 Chapter 10 Commercial Banks 255 Balance Sheet 257 Income Statement 261 Cash Flow Statement 265 Chapter 11 Derivatives and Hedging 269 Derivatives 272 Hedging 282 SFAS No. 133 (1998), as Amended 285 Framework for Assessing Financial Institutions' Derivatives and Hedging 308 Chapter 12 Market Risk Disclosures 311 Overview of FRR No. 48 (1997) 312 Tabular Format 315 Sensitivity Approach 322 Value-at-Risk Approach 326 Comparison of Disclosure Approaches 331 Effect of SunTrust's Derivatives and Hedging on Its Market Risk 332 Research 337 Appendix 12A: Bank of America's Derivatives, Hedging, and Market Risk 337 Chapter 13 Lessors and Lease Accounting 347 Competitive Advantages of Leasing 350 Lease Structures and Contractual Terms 352 Lessors' Risks 355 Lease Accounting Methods 357 Analysis Issues Regarding Lease Accounting Methods 366 Special Lease Transactions 369 Lessors' Financial Statements 374 Lease Disclosures 379 Possible Future Changes in Lease Accounting 387 Chapter 14 Insurers and Insurance Accounting 389 Products 391 Risk-Return Trade-Offs 396 Regulation 403 Primary Insurance Accounting Standards 405 Accounting Standards Governing Embedded Derivatives and Other Life Insurance Policy Features 421 Financial Statements 423 Line of Business Disclosures 428 Other Insurance Accounting Systems 429 Chapter 15 Property-Casualty Insurers' Loss Reserve Disclosures 435 Loss Reserve Footnote 438 Loss Reserve Development Disclosures 440 Calculating Loss Reserves by Accident Year 444 Calculating Loss Reserve Revisions by Accident Year 446 Calculating Claim Payments by Accident Year and Tail 448 Constructing Accident Year Loss Reserve T A