Practical Guide to MIMO Radio Channel

Dr Tim Brown, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK is a lecturer in mobile communications at the University of Surrey, UK, where he is conducting research in MIMO as well as teaching courses and seminars that include introducing MIMO as well as other aspects of mobile communications. Dr Persefoni Kyritsi, Aalborg University, Denmark has worked in wireless communications for Lucent Technologies Bell Labs, in wireline communications for Deutsche Telekom, Frankfurt, and in circuit design for Intel Corporation and the Nokia Research Center, Helsinki- Finland. In 2001 she joined Aalborg University as an assistant research professor. From September 2003 until August 2005, she was a visiting researcher at the Department of Mathematics, Stanford University. Since September 2005, she holds the position of Assistant Professor at the Antennas, Propagation and Radio Networking Section at Aalborg University Dr Elisabeth De Carvalho, Aalborg University was a post-doc at Stanford University, USA in 1999-2001. In 2001-2005, she worked in 2 start-ups in the USA and France. She also held short-term positions at Deutsche Telekom, and Lucent Technologies, Bell Labs, USA. She has worked on several aspects of wireless communications (GSM, CDMA, OFDM, wireless LANs, IEEE 802.16) and wireline communications (xDSL). In 2005, she joined Aalborg University as an Associate Professor. She has managed a project in collaboration with Samsung Electronics, Korea including 20 researchers and focusing mainly on MIMO and relay communications.

Preface xi List of Abbreviations xiii List of Symbols xvii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 From SISO to MISO/ SIMO to MIMO 2 1.1.1 Single Input Single Output SISO 2 1.1.2 Single Input Multiple Output, SIMO, and Multiple Input Single Output, MISO 3 1.1.3 Multiple Input Multiple Output, MIMO 6 1.2 What Do We Need MIMO For? 7 1.2.1 The Single User Perspective 8 1.2.2 The Multiple User Perspective 8 1.3 How Does MIMO Work? Two Analogies 10 1.3.1 The Single User Perspective 10 1.3.2 The Multiple User Perspective 12 1.4 Conditions for MIMO to Work 13 1.5 How Long Has MIMO Been Around? 14 1.6 Where is MIMO Being Used? 15 1.7 Purpose of the Book 16 2 Capacity of MIMO Channels 17 2.1 Some Background on Digital Communication Systems 18 2.1.1 Generation of Digital Signals 18 2.1.2 Conversion/Formatting for Transmission 19 2.1.3 Complex Baseband Representation 19 2.1.4 Decoder 19 2.2 Notion of Capacity 20 2.2.1 Abstract Communication System 20 2.2.2 Definition of Capacity 22 2.2.3 Capacity Achieving Transceivers 23 2.3 Channel State Information and Fading 24 2.3.1 Fast and Slow Fading 24 2.3.2 Channel State Information 26 2.4 Narrowband MIMO Model 27 2.5 Capacity of the Time-Invariant Channel 28 2.5.1 Capacity of the Time-Invariant SISO Channel 29 2.5.2 Time-Invariant SIMO Channel 30 2.5.3 Time-Invariant MISO Channel 32 2.5.4 Time-Invariant MIMO Channel: A Set of Parallel Independent AWGN Channels 34 2.5.5 Maximal Achievable Rate for Fixed Input Covariance Matrix 43 2.6 Fast Fading Channels with CSIT Distribution: Ergodic Capacity 46 2.6.1 Ergodic Capacity: Basic Principles 47 2.6.2 Fast Fading SISO Channel with CSIT Distribution 47 2.6.3 Fast Fading SIMO Channel with CSIT Distribution 48 2.6.4 Fast Fading MISO Channel with CSIT Distribution 49 2.6.5 Fast Fading MIMO Channels with CSIT Distribution 49 2.7 Slow Fading Channel with CSIT Distribution: Outage Probability and Capacity with Outage 54 2.7.1 Outage: Basic Principles 55 2.7.2 Diversity to Improve Communication Reliability 57 2.7.3 Slow Fading SISO Channels with CSIT Distribution 58 2.7.4 Slow Fading SIMO Channel with CSIT Distribution: Receive Diversity 60 2.7.5 Slow Fading MISO Channel with CSIT Distribution: Transmit Diversity 60 2.7.6 Slow Fading MIMO Channel with CSIT Distribution 62 2.8 Chapter Summary Tables 67 2.9 Further Reading 73 3 MIMO Transceivers 75 3.1 MIMO Receivers 76 3.1.1 General MIMO Architecture 76 3.1.2 Maximum Likelihood Receiver 78 3.1.3 Classes of Receivers Considered in the Chapter 78 3.1.4 Spatial Matched Filtering 80 3.1.5 Zero Forcing Receiver 86 3.1.6 MMSE Receiver 92 3.1.7 SIC Receiver and V-Blast 97 3.1.8 Performance 103 3.2 Transceivers with CSI at Transmitter and Receiver: Transmit and Receive Beamforming 108 3.2.1 Principle of Beamforming 108 3.2.2 Multiple Transmit and Receive Beams 109 3.2.3 Transmit Beamforming (MISO System) 111 3.2.4 Receive Beamforming (SIMO) 112 3.2.5 Single Beam MIMO: Maximal Eigenmode Beamforming 113 3.2.6 Eigenmode Transmission 114 3.2.7 Performance of Beamforming Schemes 118 3.3 Space Time Block Codes 122 3.3.1 Orthogonal Design for a 2 x 1 MISO System: Alamouti STBC 123 3.3.2 STBC for More than Two Transmit Antennas 128 3.4 D-Blast 133 3.4.1 Diagonal Encoding 133 3.4.2 Diagonal Decoding 134 3.4.3 D-Blast: Outage Optimal 135 3.4.4 Performance Gains 135 3.4.5 Error Propagation 136 3.4.6 Numerical Evaluations: Comparison of D-Blast with STBC 136 3.5 Chapter Summary Tables 138 3.6 Further Reading 143 4 MIMO Channel Models 145 4.1 SISO Models and Channel Fundamentals 146 4.1.1 Models for the Prediction of the Power 146 4.1.2 Models for the Prediction of the Temporal Variation of the Channel 152