Ultra Wideband Wireless Communication

HUESEYIN ARSLAN, PHD, is Assistant Professor at the University of South Florida. Dr. Arslan's research interests center on advanced signal processing techniques at the physical layer, with cross-layer design for network adaptivity and quality of service control. He worked at Ericsson Research for about five years and continues his close relations with wireless industries as a consultant and with university sponsored research. ZHI NING CHEN, PHD, is Adjunct Professor in the Electromagnetics Academy at Zhejiang University, China and at the National University of Singapore. Dr. Chen is also Lead Scientist at the Institute for Infocomm Research. MARIA-GABRIELLA DI BENEDETTO, PHD, is Professor of Telecommunications at the University of Rome La Sapienza, Italy. Dr. Di Benedetto is active in fostering the development of UWB telecommunication systems in Europe and is the Director at Infocom for two European IST projects.

Preface xv Contributors xix Chapter 1 Introduction to Ultra Wideband 1 Huseyin Arslan and Maria-Gabriella Di Benedetto 1.1 Introduction 1 1.1.1 Benefits of UWB 2 1.1.2 Applications 3 1.1.3 Challenges 3 1.2 Scope of the Book 4 Chapter 2 UWB Channel Estimation and Synchronization 11 Irena Maravic and Martin Vetterli 2.1 Introduction 11 2.2 Channel Estimation at SubNyquist Sampling Rate 14 2.2.1 UWB Channel Model 14 2.2.2 Frequency-Domain Channel Estimation 15 2.2.3 Polynomial Realization of the Model-Based Methods 16 2.2.4 Subspace-Based Approach 20 2.2.5 Estimation of Closely Spaced Paths 24 2.3 Performance Evaluation 25 2.3.1 Analysis of Noise Sensitivity 25 2.3.2 Computational Complexity and Alternative Solutions 27 2.3.3 Numerical Example 28 2.4 Estimating UWB Channels with Frequency-Dependent Distortion 29 2.4.1 Algorithm Outline 31 2.5 Channel Estimation from Multiple Bands 32 2.5.1 Filter Bank Approach 32 2.5.2 Estimation from Nonadjacent Bands 32 2.6 Low-Complexity Rapid Acquisition in UWB Localizers 34 2.6.1 Two-Step Estimation 36 2.7 Conclusions 39 Chapter 3 Ultra Wideband Geolocation 43 Sinan Gezici, Zafer Sahinoglu, Hisashi Kobayashi, and H. Vincent Poor 3.1 Introduction 43 3.2 Signal Model 44 3.3 Positioning Techniques 44 3.3.1 Angle of Arrival 45 3.3.2 Received Signal Strength 49 3.3.3 Time-Based Approaches 51 3.4 Main Sources of Error in Time-Based Positioning 52 3.4.1 Multipath Propagation 52 3.4.2 Multiple Access Interference 53 3.4.3 Nonline-of-Sight Propagation 53 3.4.4 High Time Resolution of UWB Signals 54 3.5 Ranging and Positioning 55 3.5.1 Relationship Between Ranging and Optimal Positioning Algorithms 55 3.5.2 ToA Estimation Algorithms 58 3.5.3 Two-Way Ranging Protocols 69 3.6 Location-Aware Applications 70 3.7 Conclusions 71 Chapter 4 UWB Modulation Options 77 Huseyin Arslan, Ismail Guenc, and Sadia Ahmed 4.1 Introduction 77 4.2 UWB Signaling Techniques 78 4.2.1 UWB-IR Signaling 79 4.2.2 Multiband UWB 83 4.2.3 Multicarrier UWB 85 4.2.4 OFDM 85 4.3 Data Mapping 87 4.3.1 Binary Data Mapping Schemes 87 4.3.2 M-ary Data Mapping Schemes 89 4.4 Spectral Characteristics 91 4.5 Data Mapping and Transceiver Complexity 92 4.6 Modulation Performances in Practical Conditions 93 4.6.1 Effects of Multipath 93 4.6.2 Effects of Multiple Access Interference 95 4.6.3 Effects of Timing Jitter and Finger Estimation Error 96 4.7 Conclusion 99 Chapter 5 Ultra Wideband Pulse Shaper Design 103 Zhi Tian, Timothy N. Davidson, Xiliang Luo, Xianren Wu, and Georgios B. Giannakis 5.1 Introduction 103 5.2 Transmit Spectrum and Pulse Shaper 105 5.3 FIR Digital Pulse Design 108 5.4 Optimal UWB Single Pulse Design 110 5.4.1 Parks-McClellan Algorithm 110 5.4.2 Optimal UWB Pulse Design via Direct Maximization of NESP 111 5.4.3 Constrained Frequency Response Approximation 113 5.4.4 Constrained Frequency Response Design with Linear Phase Filters 114 5.5 Optimal UWB Orthogonal Pulse Design 115 5.5.1 Orthogonality Formulation 115 5.5.2 Sequential UWB Pulse Design 117 5.5.3 Sequential UWB Pulse Design with Linear Phase Filters 118 5.6 Design Examples and Comparisons 120 5.6.1 Single-Pulse Designs and their Spectral Utilization Efficiency 120 5.6.2 Multiband Pulse Design 122 5.6.3 Multiple Orthogonal Pulse Design 123 5.6.4 Pulse Designs for Narrowband Interference Avoidance 125 5.6.5 Impact of Pulse Designs on Transceiver Power Efficiency 126 5.7 Conclusions 128 Chapter 6 Antenna Issues 131 Zhi Ning Chen 6.1 Introduction 131 6.2 Design Considerations 132 6.2.1 Description of Antenna Systems 132 6.2.2 Single-Band and Multiband Schemes 134 6.2.3 Source Pulses 136 6.2.4 Transmit Antenna and PDS 136 6.2.5 Transmit-Receive Antenna System 141 6.3 Antenna and Pulse versus BER Performance 148 6.3.1 Pulsed UWB System 148 6.3.2 Effects of Antennas and Pulses 151 Chapter