Physical Principles and Sequence Design
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Köp båda 2 för 3884 krMRI Susceptibility Weighted Imaging discusses the promising new MRI technique called Susceptibility Weighted Imaging (SWI), a powerful tool for the diagnosis and treatment of acute stroke, allowing earlier detection of acute stroke hemorrhage and ...
Robert W. Brown, Ph.D. Institute Professor and Distinguished University Professor Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA His research group efforts have resulted in over 200 published papers and abstracts, and his former students hold at least 150 patents (eight co-authored by him) and he has done important work in radiation physics, MRI, PET, CT, electromagnetics, inverse methods, mechanical and thermal modeling, nonlinear dynamics, EEG, MEG, sensors, and physics education, as well as a professional-life-long involvement in elementary particle physics and cosmology. Yu-Chung N. Cheng, Ph.D. Associate Professor of Radiology Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA E. Mark Haacke, Ph.D. Professor of Radiology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA Professor of Physics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA Adjunct Professor of Radiology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA Adjunct Professor of Radiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada Distinguished Foreign Professor, Northeastern University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China Director of The Magnetic Resonance Imaging Institute for Biomedical Research and Professor of Radiology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wayne State University. Dr. Haacke has two decades of experience teaching courses in physics, mathematics and statistics. Michael R. Thompson, Ph.D. Principal Scientist, Toshiba Medical Research Institute, Cleveland, Ohio, USA Ramesh Venkatesan, D.Sc. Manager, MR Applications Engineering Wipro GE Healthcare Pvt. Ltd., Bangalore, Karnataka, India
Foreword to the Second Edition xvii Foreword to the First ~ Edition xxi Preface to the Second Edition xxvii Preface to the First Edition xxix Acknowledgements xxx Acknowledgements to the First Edition xxxi 1 Magnetic Resonance Imaging: A Preview 1 1.1 Magnetic Resonance Imaging: The Name 1 1.2 The Origin of Magnetic Resonance Imaging 2 1.3 A Brief Overview of MRI Concepts 3 2 Classical Response of a Single Nucleus to a Magnetic Field 19 2.1 Magnetic Moment in the Presence of a Magnetic Field 20 2.2 Magnetic Moment with Spin: Equation of Motion 25 2.3 Precession Solution: Phase 29 3 Rotating Reference Frames and Resonance 37 3.1 Rotating Reference Frames 38 3.2 The Rotating Frame for an RF Field 41 3.3 Resonance Condition and the RF Pulse 44 4 Magnetization, Relaxation, and the Bloch Equation 53 4.1 Magnetization Vector 53 4.2 Spin-Lattice Interaction and Regrowth Solution 54 4.3 Spin-Spin Interaction and Transverse Decay 57 4.4 Bloch Equation and Static-Field Solutions 60 4.5 The Combination of Static and RF Fields 62 5 The Quantum Mechanical Basis of Precession and Excitation 67 5.1 Discrete Angular Momentum and Energy 68 5.2 Quantum Operators and the Schrdinger Equation 72 5.3 Quantum Derivation of Precession 77 5.4 Quantum Derivation of RF Spin Tipping 80 6 The Quantum Mechanical Basis of Thermal Equilibrium and Longitudinal Relaxation 85 6.1 Boltzmann Equilibrium Values 86 6.2 Quantum Basis of Longitudinal Relaxation 89 6.3 The RF Field 92 7 Signal Detection Concepts 95 7.1 Faraday Induction 96 7.2 The MRI Signal and the Principle of Reciprocity 99 7.3 Signal from Precessing Magnetization 101 7.4 Dependence on System Parameters 107 8 Introductory Signal Acquisition Methods: Free Induction Decay, Spin Echoes, Inversion Recovery, and Spectroscopy 113 8.1 Free Induction Decay and T 2 114 8.2 The Spin Echo and T2 Measurements 120 8.3 Repeated RF Pulse Structures 126 8.4 Inversion Recovery and T1 Measurements 131 8.5 Spectroscopy and Chemical Shift 136 9 One-Dimensional Fourier Imaging, k-Space and Gradient Echoes 141 9.1 Signal and Effective Spin Density 142 9.2 Frequency Encoding and the Fourier Transform 144 9.3 Simple Two-Spin Example 147 9.4 Gradient Echo and k-Space Diagrams 151 9.5 Gradient Directionality and Nonlinearity 162 10 Multi-Dimensional Fourier Imaging and Slice Excitation 165 10.1 Imaging in More Dimensions 166 10.2 Slice Selection with Boxcar Excitations 175 10.3 2D Imaging and k-Space 184 10.4 3D Volume Imaging 194 10.5 Chemical Shift Imaging 197 11 The Continuous and Discrete Fourier Transforms 207 11.1 The Continuous Fourier Transform 208 11.2 Continuous Transform Properties and Phase Imaging 209 11.3 Fourier Transform Pairs 220 11.4 The Discrete Fourier Transform 223 11.5 Discrete Transform Properties 225 12 Sampling and Aliasing in Image Reconstruction 229 12.1 Infinite Sampling, Aliasing, and the Nyquist Criterion 230 12.2 Finite Sampling, Image Reconstruction, and the Discrete Fourier Transform 237 12.3 RF Coils, Noise, and Filtering 245 12.4 Nonuniform Sampling 250 13 Filtering and Resolution in Fourier Transform Image Reconstruction 261 13.1 Review of Fourier Transform Image Reconstruction 262 13.2 Filters and Point Spread Functions 264 13.3 Gibbs Ringing 267 13.4 Spatial Resolution in MRI 272 13.5 Hanning Filter and T2 Decay Effects 281 13.6 Zero Filled Interpolation, Sub-Voxel Fourier Transform Shift Concepts, and Point Spread Function Effects 283 13.7 Partial Fourier Imaging and Reconstruction 286 13.8 Digital Truncation 293 14 Projection Reconstruction of Images 297 14.1 Radial k-Space Coverage 298 14.2 Sampling Radial k-Space and Nyquist Limits 302 14.3 Projections and the Radon Transform 308 14.4 Methods of Projection Reconstruction with Radial Coverage 310 14.5 Three-Dimensional Radial k-Space Coverage 317 14.6 Radial