The Basics
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Köp båda 2 för 1463 kr?Linguistics. The Basics offers a brilliant classroom and self-study introduction to all aspects of the discipline, examining the structure of language, the processes of perception and production by individuals, and the social dynamics of the language community.? ? Johan van der Auwera, University of Antwerp
Anne E. Baker is Professor of Linguistics at the University of Amsterdam with a specialisation in psycholinguistics and sign linguistics. Her publications include Taal en taalwetenschap (ed. with Ren Appel, Kees Hengeveld, Folkert Kuiken, and Pieter Muysken, 2002) and Sign Language Acquisition (ed. with Bencie Woll, 2008). Kees Hengeveld is Professor of Linguistics at the University of Amsterdam with a specialisation in linguistic typology and grammatical theory. His publications include Functional Discourse Grammar: A typologically-based theory of language structure (with J. Lachlan Mackenzie, 2008) and The Theory of Functional Grammar (with Simon C. Dik, 1997).
List of Figures and Tables xiii Preface xvii Part I Language and the Language Faculty 1 1 From Language to Linguistics 3 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Languages 5 1.3 Other Languages 9 1.4 Differences 15 1.5 Linguistics 17 1.6 Different Kinds of Grammar 19 1.7 The Contents of this Book and the Subfields of Linguistics 22 Summary 24 Assignments 26 Test Yourself 27 Acknowledgments and Further Reading 27 2 The Language User 29 2.1 Introduction 29 2.2 Knowledge and Ability: The Cognitive System 30 2.3 Language and the Brain 34 2.4 Language Comprehension 37 2.4.1 Speech Recognition 38 2.4.2 Word Recognition 39 2.4.3 Understanding Sentences 41 2.4.4 Interpretation of Utterances 43 2.4.5 From Speech Recognition to Interpretation 43 2.5 Language Production 44 2.5.1 What Do You Want to Say? 45 2.5.2 Formulation: Grammatical Encoding 46 2.5.3 Formulation: Phonological Encoding 48 2.5.4 Articulation 50 2.5.5 Speaking: From Intention to Articulation 51 Summary 52 Assignments 53 Test Yourself 54 Acknowledgments and Further Reading 55 3 Language Acquisition 57 3.1 Introduction 57 3.2 How Do Children Acquire Language? 59 3.3 The Order of First Language Acquisition 62 3.4 Factors that Influence the Acquisition of a Second Language 66 3.5 The Order of Second Language Acquisition 69 3.6 Bilingual Development 74 Summary 77 Assignments 78 Test Yourself 79 Acknowledgments and Further Reading 80 Part II Language and Interaction 81 4 Discourse 83 4.1 Introduction 83 4.2 Interpretation and Inference 84 4.3 Cooperation 86 4.4 Conversations 89 4.5 Coherence Through Linguistic Form 95 Summary 98 Assignments 99 Test Yourself 100 Acknowledgments and Further Reading 101 5 Speech Acts 103 5.1 Introduction 103 5.2 An Utterance is an Act 104 5.3 Information Structure 110 5.4 Pragmatic Appropriateness 114 Summary 117 Assignments 118 Test Yourself 119 Acknowledgments and Further Reading 119 Part III Sentences and Their Meaning 121 6 Constituents and Word Classes 123 6.1 Introduction 123 6.2 Constituents 124 6.3 Sentences, Clauses and Phrases 126 6.4 Phrase Types 127 6.5 Heads and Modifiers 130 6.6 Constituent Structure 131 6.7 Phrases Versus Words 135 6.8 Word Classes: Content Words 136 6.9 Word Classes: Function Words 138 Summary 140 Assignments 140 Test Yourself 142 Acknowledgments and Further Reading 142 7 Simple Sentences 143 7.1 Introduction 143 7.2 Functions of Phrases Within the Sentence 144 7.3 Valency 147 7.4 Semantic Roles 150 7.5 Grammatical Roles 151 7.6 The Marking of Semantic and Grammatical Roles 153 7.7 Reduction of Valency 154 7.8 Reflexive Constructions 155 7.9 Pronominalisation 157 Summary 158 Assignments 158 Test Yourself 160 Acknowledgments and Further Reading 160 8 Complex Sentences 161 8.1 Introduction 161 8.2 The Functions of Embedded Clauses 162 8.3 The Forms of Embedded Clauses 165 8.4 Interaction between Main Clause and Embedded Clause 168 8.4.1 Equi-Deletion 168 8.4.2 Raising 169 8.4.3 Sequence of Tenses 170 8.5 Coordinated Clauses 172 8.6 The Form of Coordinated Clauses 173 Summary 174 Assignments 175 Test Yourself 176 Acknowledgments and Further Reading 176 9 Constituent Order 177 9.1 Introduction 177 9.2 Constituent Order and Levels of Analysis 178 9.3 Constituent Order at the Sentence Level 179 9.4 Clause Type 181 9.5 Embedded Clauses 182 9.6 Complexity 183 9.7 The Information Status of Constituents 184 9.8 Constituent Order within Constituents 185 9.8.1 The Noun Phrase 186 9.8.2 The Verb Phrase 187 9.9 Correlations 188 9.10 Discontinuous Constituents 190 Summary 191 Assignments 191 Test Yourself 192 Acknowledgments and Further Reading 193 10 Sentence Meaning 195 10.1 Introduction 195 10.2 Compositionality 196 10.3 Noun Phrases: Reference 197 10.4 Noun Phrases: Deixis and Anaphora