A Source Book in Medieval Science

Edward Grant is Professor of History of Science, Emeritus, at Indiana University, Bloomington.

PART I: EARLY MIDDLE AGES The Latin Encyclopedists 1. On the Quadrivium, or Four Mathematical Sciences Isidore of Seville 2. On Arithmetic Boethius 3. On the Universe and Its Parts Isidore of Seville 4. On the Order of the Planets Macrobius 5. On the Motion of Mercury and Venus Around the Sun a. Chalcidius b. Martianus Capella 6. On Ocean and Tides Macrobius PART II: LATER MIDDLE AGES The Translation of Greek and Arabic Science into Latin 7. A List of Translations Made from Arabic into Latin in the Twelfth Century Gerard of Cremona 8. A List of Translations Made from Greek into Latin in the Thirteenth Century William of Moerbeke The Reaction of the Universities and Theological Authorities to Aristotelian Science and Natural Philosophy 9. The Condemnation of Aristotle's Books on Natural Philosophy in 1210 at Paris 10. The Command to Expurgate Aristotle's Books on Natural Philosophy (1231) 11. The Natural Books of Aristotle in the Arts Curriculum at the University of Paris in 1255 12. Statute of the Faculty of Arts Drastically Curtailing the Discussion of Theological Questions (1272) 13. The Condemnation of 1277: A Selection of Articles Relevant to the History of Medieval Science 14. An Objection to Theological Restrictions in the Discussion of a Scientific Question John Buridan 15. An Assessment of Buridan's Objections Ludovicus (Luis) Coronel Classification of the Sciences Introduction Edward Grant 16. Classification of the Sciences Hugh of St. Victor 17. Classification of the Sciences Domingo Gundisalvo Logic Introduction John E. Murdoch 18. On Terms, "Suppositio," and Consequences William of Ockham Mathematics 19. On the Importance of Studying Mathematics Roger Bacon A. ARITHMETIC 20. Arabic Numerals and Arithmetic Operations in the Most Popular Algorism of the Middle Ages John of Sacrobosco 21. Propositions from a Theoretical Arithmetic Jordanus of Nemore B. ALGEBRA 22. Six Types of Rhetorical Algebraic Equations Al-Khwarizmi 23. Algebraic Propositions from the Treatise On Given Numbers Jordanus of Nemore C. NUMBER THEORY, PROBABILITY, AND INFINITE SERIES 24. Number Theory and Indeterminate Analysis Leonardo of Pisa (Fibonacci) 25. A Proposition on Mathematical Probability Nicole Oresme 26. Infinite Series Nicole Oresme D. PROPORTIONS 27. The Definitions of Book V of Euclid's Elements in a Thirteenth-Century Version, and Commentary Campanus of Novara 28. An Algorism of Ratios: Manipulation of Rational Exponents Nicole Oresme 29. Rational and Irrational Exponents Distinguished Nicole Oresme E. GEOMETRY 30. On the Division of Figures Leonardo of Pisa (Fibonacci) 3l. Two Medieval Versions of Archimedes' Quadrature of the Circle a. The Abbreviated Version of Pseudo-Bradwardine b. The Question of Albert of Saxony on the Quadrature of the Circle 32. The Trisection of an Angle a. Banu Musa b. Jordanus of Nemore 33. Constructions from an Applied Geometry Dominicus de Clavasio F. TRIGONOMETRY 34. Trigonometry of the Sine Richard of Wallingford Typical Scientific Questions Based on Aristotle's Major Physical Treatises Introduction Edward Grant 35. Questions on the Eight Books of Aristotle's Physics Albert of Saxony 36. Questions on the Four Books of Aristotle's On the Heavens (De caelo) John Buridan 37. Questions on the Two Books of Aristotle's On Generation and Corruption Albert of Saxony 38. Questions on The Four Books of Aristotle's Meteorologica Themon, Son of the Jew Physics A. STATICS, OR "THE SCIENCE OF WEIGHTS" Introduction Edward Grant 39. On the Theory of Weight Jordanus of Nemore B. MOTION 40. What is Motion? William of Ockham C. KINEMATICS 41. The Reduction of Curvilinear Velocities to Uniform Rectilinear Velocities Gerard of Brussels 42. Uniform