Biomechanics of Skeletal Muscles

"This is an excellent book for readers interested in building upon a basic understanding of biomechanics....In addition to the well-credentialed authors' expertise, important peer-reviewed research is presented throughout the book." --Doody's Book Review (5-star review)

Vladimir M. Zatsiorsky, PhD, is a world-renowned expert in the biomechanics of human motion. He has been a professor in the department of kinesiology at Pennsylvania State University since 1991 and was a director of the university's biomechanics laboratory. Before coming to North America in 1990, Dr. Zatsiorsky served for 18 years as professor and chair of the department of biomechanics at the Central Institute of Physical Culture in Moscow. He has received several awards for his achievements, including the Geoffrey Dyson Award from the International Society of Biomechanics in Sports (the society's highest honor), Jim Hay's Memorial Award from the American Society of Biomechanics, and the USSR's National Gold Medal for the Best Scientific Research in Sport in 1976 and 1982. For 26 years he served as consultant to the national Olympic teams of the USSR. He was also the director of the USSR's All-Union Research Institute of Physical Culture for three years. He has authored and coauthored more than 400 scientific papers and 15 books that are published in English, Russian, German, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese, Polish, Bulgarian, Romanian, Czech, Hungarian, and Serbo-Croatian. Dr. Zatsiorsky has been conferred doctor honoris causa degrees by the Academy of Physical Education (Poland, 1999) and the Russian State University of Physical Culture and Sport (2003). Among his books are Kinematics of Human Motion, Biomechanics in Sport: Performance Enhancement and Injury Prevention, Kinetics of Human Motion, and Science and Practice of Strength Training (coauthor). He and his wife, Rita, live in State College, Pennsylvania. Boris I. Prilutsky, PhD, is an associate professor in the School of Applied Physiology and director of biomechanics and motor control laboratory at the Georgia Institute of Technology in Atlanta, Georgia. Before that position, he was a senior research scientist in Georgia Tech's Center for Human Movement Studies from 1998 to 2005. His research interests include muscle biomechanics, neural control of movements, and motor learning. His research contributed to the development of methods for quantifying mechanical energy transfer by two-joint muscles between body segments during locomotion and to the understanding of muscle coordination during human motion. Prilutsky has published more than 50 peer-reviewed research articles and five book chapters, and he is the author of six patents. His research is supported by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and National Science Foundation (NSF). While living in the former Soviet Union, Prilutsky received a BS degree in physical education from the Central Institute of Physical Culture in Moscow and a BS degree in applied mathematics and mechanics from the Moscow Institute of Electronic Engineering. He received his PhD in biomechanics from the Latvian Research Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics in Riga. From 1978 to 1992, he worked as a research scientist and lecturer in the department of biomechanics for the Central Institute of Physical Culture in Moscow. He was also a postdoctoral fellow in the department of kinesiology at the University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada (1992-1995), and at the department of health and performance sciences at Georgia Tech (1995-1998). Prilutsky is a member of the American Society of Biomechanics and a 1995 recipient of the organization's Young Scientist Award. He is also a member of the International Society of Biomechanics, Society for Neuroscience, and the Neural Control of Movement Society. He serves as

Part I. Muscle Architecture and Mechanics Chapter 1. Muscle Architecture Muscle Fascicles and Their Arrangements * Parallel Fibered and Fusiform Muscles * Pennate Muscles * Convergent and Circular Muscles Muscle Fascicle Curvature: Frenet Frames Fiber Architecture in the Fascicles Muscle as a Fiber-Reinforced Composite Fiber, Fascicle, and Muscle Length: Length-Length Ratios * Fiber and Fascicle Length * Length-Length Ratios Muscle Path: Muscle Centroids * Straight-Line Representation of Muscle Path * Centroid Model of Muscle Path * Curved and Wrapping Muscles * Twisted Muscles * Muscles Attaching to More Than Two Bones Cross-Sectional Area, Physiological and Anatomical Muscle Attachment Area Summary Questions for Review Literature List Chapter 2. Properties of Tendons and Passive Muscles Biomechanics of Tendons and Aponeuroses * Elastic Behavior * Viscoelastic Behavior of Tendons * Tendon Interaction With Surrounding Tissues Mechanical Properties of Passive Muscles * Muscle Tone: Equitonometry * Mechanical Properties of Relaxed Muscles On Joint Flexibility Summary Questions for Review Literature List Chapter 3. Mechanics of Active Muscle Muscle Force Production and Transmission * Experimental Methods * Transition From Rest to Activity * Transition From Activity to Rest: Muscle Relaxation * Constancy of the Muscle Volume * Force Transmission and Internal Deformations (Strain) * Intramuscular Stress and Pressure * Functional RelationsForce-Length Relations * Force-Velocity Relations * Force-Length-Velocity Relations History Effects in Muscle Mechanics * Force Depression After Muscle Shortening * Effects of Muscle Release: Quick-Release and Controlled-Release Methods: Series Muscle Components Summary Questions for Review Literature List Chapter 4. Muscles as Force and Energy Absorbers Muscle Mechanical Behavior During Stretch * Dynamic Force Enhancement * Residual Force Enhancement Muscle Shortening After Stretch * Work and Power During Shortening After Stretch * Energy Consumption During Stretch and Efficiency of the Muscle Shortening After Stretch Dissipation of Energy Mechanical Muscle Models * Hill-Type Model * Model Scaling Summary Questions for Review Literature List Part II Muscles in the Body Chapter 5. From Muscle Forces to Joint Moments Force Transmission: From Muscle to Bone * From Muscle to Tendon * From Tendon to Bone * Tendon Elasticity and Isometric Force-Length Relation Force Transmission Via Soft Tissue Skeleton (Fascia) * Structure of Fascia * Muscle-Tendon-Fascia Attachments * Fascia as Soft Tissue Skeleton (Ectoskeleton) Muscle Moment Arms * Muscle Moment Arm Vectors and Their Components * Methods for Determination of Muscle Moment Arms * Factors Affecting Muscle Moment Arm * Transformation of Muscle Forces to Joint Moments: Muscle Jacobian Summary Questions for Review Literature List Chapter 6. Two-Joint Muscles in Human Motion Two-Joint Muscles: A Special Case of Mu