WirelessMAN

Carl Eklund received his M.S. in engineering physics from Helsinki University of Technology in 1996. He joined the Communication Systems Laboratory of Nokia Research Center in 1998, working mainly on radio protocol design and standardization. In the IEEE 802.16 effort, he chaired the MAC Task Group that developed the IEEE 802.16 medium access control layer (MAC) protocol for IEEE Std 802.16-2001. He also served as the technical editor for the protocol implementation conformance statement (PICS) and test suite structure and test purposes (TSS&TP) specifications for IEEE Std 802.16-2001. Eklund currently is a principal engineer in the Radio Communications Laboratory of Nokia Research Center, Helsinki, Finland. Since October 2005, he has been heading the research and standardization program for WiMAX and IEEE 802.16 in Nokia. Roger B. Marks initiated, in 1998, the effort leading to the formation of the IEEE 802.16 Working Group on Broadband Wireless Access, chairing it since inception and serving as Technical Editor of the group's first two standards. He also serves actively on the IEEE 802 Executive Committee and holds the position of China Liaison Official. Marks is a physicist with the (U.S.) National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) in Boulder, Colorado, USA. He received his A.B. in physics in 1980 from Princeton University and his Ph.D. in applied physics in 1988 from Yale University. A Fellow of the IEEE and an IEEE Distinguished Lecturer, Marks developed the IEEE Radio and Wireless Conference and chaired it from 1996 through 1999. He is the author of over 90 publications and the recipient of numerous awards, including the Individual Governmental Vision Award from the Wireless Communications Association and the IEEE Technical Field Award in measurement technology. He has received the U.S. Department of Commerce Gold, Silver (three times), and Bronze Medals. Subbu Ponnuswamy was one of the early participants in the IEEE 802.16 Working Group and a contributor to the IEEE 802.16 and IEEE 802.11 standards. He is also a coauthor of a WiMAX course for development engineers, offered by Doceotech. He has many years of industry experience in the design and development of wireless local area network (LAN) and metropolitan area network (MAN) products, including those based on the IEEE 802.16 and IEEE 802.11 standards. As the director of engineering at Kiwi Networks, Ponnuswamy led the design and development of interference-resilient IEEE 802.16 and IEEE 802.11 systems in the license-exempt bands for indoor and outdoor applications. He also led IEEE 802.11 MAC application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) and software development at Vivato for smart antenna systems. During his tenure at Malibu Networks, he designed and developed a qualityof-service-centric broadband wireless MAC. He has also held various technical positions with Honeywell, Sequent Computer Systems, and Lincom Wireless. He is currently with Aruba Networks. Ponnuswamy is the author of many publications and patents in the areas of wireless communication, realtime systems, and multiprocessor communication networks. He graduated with an M.S. in computer engineering from Wayne State University and a B.E. in electronics and communication engineering from the University of Madras, India. He is a member of the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) and the IEEE Communications Society. Kenneth L. Stanwood is president and chief executive officer of Cygnus Communications, which makes products for wireless multimedia distribution. He was previously chief technology officer of Ensemble Communications, which produced local multipoint distribution services (LMDS) equipment and provided key technology to IEEE 802.16 and WiMAX. As a representative of Ensemble, Stanwood was one of the founders of the WiMAX Forum and served on its board of directors. Stanwood is vice-chair of the IEEE 802.16 Working Group and has been involved with IEEE 802.16 and the European Tele

List of Figures xxvii List of Tables xxxi Acronyms and Abbreviations xxxiii Chapter 1 Broadband wireless access (BWA): Applicable market segments and requirements 1 Commercial fixed broadband wireless: fiber extention 6 Residential fixed broadband wireless: digital subscriber line (DSL) and cable modem alternative 8 Quality of service (QoS) 11 Throughout requirements 11 Chapter 2 IEEE 802.16 standards: The working group and documents 13 Background 13 IEEE Standards Association (IEEE-SA) 13 IEEE 802 (R) LAN/MAN Standards Committee (LMSC) 15 Standards development in IEEE 802 16 IEEE 802.16 Working Group: Overview 19 IEEE 802.16 Working Group: History 19 Technical progress in IEEE 802.16 Working Group 21 Coexistence: IEEE Std 802.16.2 (TM) 27 Chapter 3 Basic concepts and definitions: Wireless protocol and communication concepts 29 Frequency bands 30 Types of wireless networks 33 Wireless network topologies 34 RF propagation 36 Antennas 40 Physical layer (PHY) 48 Duplexing, multiplexing, and multiple access 49 Data units 56 Quality of service (QoS) 57 Medium access control layer (MAC) 62 Chapter 4 IEEE 802-16 architecture: Overview and key features 67 Reference model 68 Base station (BS) and subscriber station (SS) 71 Convergence sublayer (CS) architecture 73 Framing and duplexing 74 Subscriber-level adaptive PHY 84 Framed PHY 85 MAC efficiency 85 Mesh 87 Directed mesh 88 Quality of service (QoS) 88 Security sublayer 89 Automatic repeat request (ARQ) 90 Physical layer (PHY) 93 Mandatory and optional components 94 Bit ordering 98 Chapter 5 Convergence sublayers (CSs): Support for multiple protocol transport 99 ATM CS 99 Packet convergence sublayer (PCS) 101 Chapter 6 MAC basics: Concepts, connections, formats, and headers 107 Connections and addressing 107 MAC headers and subheaders 113 MAC header demulitplexing 118 MAC subheaders 119 ARQ feedback 125 Data and management PDU construction 125 Simple MPDU 125 Subheader ordering 126 ARQ blocks 127 Fragmentation 129 Packing 131 Concatenation 135 MPDU encryption and CRC 135 MAC management 136 ARQ 137 Hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) 143 Chapter 7 MAC operation: Radio control, QoS, and ARQ 149 Network entry and initialization 149 PHY maintenance 155 QoS and service flows 171 Interactions between QoS, CAC, and adaptive PHY 181 Mulitcast connection 189 BW request/grant 190 Scheduling 193 Unicast polling 197 Broadcast polling 199 Mulitcast polling groups 200 Clock comparison 201 ARQ operation 203 ARQ protocol messages 206 BSN comparison 207 ARQ transmitter 207 ARQ receiver 210 ARQ state machine reset and resynchronization 213 Interaction with scheduler 215 HARQ operation 216 Chapter 8 Security: PKM protocol and cryptographic methods 219 Security associations (SAs) and cryptographic suites 219 Key management 224 Chapter 9 Mesh: MAC and PHY extentions for mesh 229 Introduction 229 Logical mesh 232 Directed mesh and point-to-point (PtP) 244 Chapter 10 PHY: WirelessMAN-SC: Single-carrier PHY for 10-66 GHz 247 Chapter 11 PHY: WirelessMAN-OFDM: Multicarrier PHY for frequencies below 11 GHz 261 Waveform construction 261 Frame structure 272 Channel encoding 277 Control mechanisms 282 Chapter 12 PHY: WirelessMAN-OFDMA: Multicarrier PHY for frequencies below 11 GHz 287 Introduction 288 Frame structure 300 Channel encoding 302 Control mechanisms 306 Chapter 13 Multiple antenna systems: Support for advanced antennas 311 Adaptive antenna systems (AAS) 311 Open-loop transmit diversity 321 Closed-loop transmit diversity 324 Chapter 14 Performance analysis: MAC and PHY performance and throughout 327 Introduction 327 WirelessMAN-OFDM, fixed operation 327 Capacity analysis 327 MAC performance 329 WirelessMAN-OFDM, mobile operation 338 WirelessMAN-OFDMA, m