Pollution Prevention

"...an instructional manual for debugging the chemical process industries...helps the chemical engineer recognize pollution prevention as nothing more than a reformulation of traditional chemical engineering problem-solving..."-Scott Butner, Senior Research Scientist, Environmental technology Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory "...an excellent nuts, bolts, pumps, and pipes P2 guidance test for process engineers. The engineer or manager charged with developing P2 solutions for his or her company would be well advised to consider the advice and suggestions offered by Mulholland and Dyer."-Harry Freeman, Director, Louisiana Environmental Leadership Pollution Prevention Program

Recently honored with DuPont's Safety, Health, and Environmental Excellence Award for their work in driving pollution prevention within the company Kenneth L. Mulholland and James A. Dyer, senior consultant and senior consulting engineer, respectively, in DuPont Engineering Technology, have taught pollution-prevention techniques to more than 350 engineering professionals in the U.S. and Europe. Both have spent the past few years working on the identification, evaluation, and implementation of pollution-prevention alternatives for industrial processes. A 28-year veteran with DuPont, Mulholland has held positions in research, process development, and chemical engineering consulting. He holds a B.S. from Lehigh University and Ph.D. from the University of Kansas, both in chemical engineering, and is a registered professional engineer in Delaware. Dyer has been with DuPont for 14 years, working in project and process engineering, and process development, as well as consulting on VOC emission control technologies, economic evaluations, and aqueous electrolyte thermodynamic modeling. A registered professional engineer in Delaware, Dyer received his B.S. in chemical engineering from Drexel University, and an M.S. in civil engineering at the University of Delaware. He is currently pursuing a Ph.D. in environmental soil geochemistry at Delaware.

Dedication. Foreword. Preface. Acknowledgments. Epigraph. Chapter 1. Why Pollution Prevention? 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Waste As Pollution. 1.3 How is Pollution Prevention Defined? 1.4 Drivers for Pollution Prevention. 1.5 Pollution-Prevention Wisdom. 1.5.1 Waste Stream Analysis. 1.5.2 Process Analysis. 1.6 Scope of this Book. Literature Cited. Chapter 2. The Path to Pollution Prevention. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 The Recipe for Success. 2.3 Program Elements. 2.3.1 Chartering Phase. 2.3.2 Assessment Phase. 2.3.3 Implementation Phase. 2.4 The Incentive for Pollution Prevention. 2.4.1 New End-of-Pipe Treatment. 2.4.2 Raw-Materials Cost. 2.4.3 Cost of Manufacture. 2.5 Pollution-Prevention Engineering Technologies and Practices. 2.6 Engineering Evaluation of the Preferred Options. 2.7 Waste Stream and Process Analyses. 2.8 Case Studies. 2.8.1 Program Elements: U.S. EPA and DuPont Chambers Works Waste-Minimization Project. 2.8.2 Incentive for Pollution Prevention-Gas-Flow-Rate Reduction. 2.8.3 Waste Stream Analysis: Nonaqueous Cleaning. 2.8.4 Process Analysis: Replace Solvent with a Process Intermediate, Product, or Feed. Literature Cited. Chapter 3. Pollution Prevention Program Development. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Regulations. 3.3 A Successful Pollution-Prevention Program. 3.4 Program Elements. 3.5 Chartering Phase. 3.5.1 Business Leadership Decision to Start. 3.5.2 Establishing the Program. 3.5.3 Selecting the Waste Streams. 3.5.4 Creating a Core Assessment Team. 3.6 Assessment Phase. 3.6.1 Collect Data. 3.6.2 Set Goals. 3.6.3 Define the Problem. 3.6.4 Show Stoppers. 3.6.5 Generate Options. 3.6.6 Screening the Options. 3.6.7 Evaluate the Screened Options. 3.7 Implementation Phase. 3.7.1 Select Options for Implementation. 3.7.2 Create Preliminary Implementation Plan. 3.7.3 Secure Approval for Implementation and Begin Implementation Projects. 3.7.4 Keep People Involved. 3.8 Resources. 3.9 When Should You Do Pollution Prevention? 3.9.1 Pollution Prevention during Research and Development. 3.9.2 Pollution Prevention during Process and Design Engineering. 3.9.3 Pollution Prevention during Process Operation. 3.10 Case Studies. 3.10.1 R&D Phase. 3.10.2 Process and Design Engineering Phase. 3.10.3 Existing Process Operation. Literature Cited. Chapter 4. Economics of Pollution Prevention. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 End-of-Pipe Treatment Cost as the Incentive for Pollution Prevention. 4.3 Economic Criteria for Technology Comparisons. 4.3.1 Net Present Value. 4.3.2 Investment. 4.4 End-of-Pipe VOC and HVOC Treatment Technology Selection. 4.4.1 Cost Associated with Permit Applications. 4.4.2 Investment, Cash Operating Cost, and Net Present Cost. 4.5 Particulate Control Technologies. 4.5.1 Investment, Cost, and Economics. 4.5.2 technology Description. 4.5.3 Technology Selection. 4.6 Biological Wastewater Treatment Technologies. 4.6.1 Applicable technologies. 4.6.2 Incentive for Source Reduction for New Facilities. 4.6.3 Investment and Costs for Aerobic Deep-Tank Activated-Sludge Treatment Facilities. 4.7 Nonbiological Wastewater Treatment technologies. 4.7.1 Incentive for Pollution Prevention. 4.7.2 Nonbiological End-of-Pipe Technology Selection Map. 4.7.3 Investment, Cost, and Economics for Individual Technologies. 4.8 Solid-Waste Treatment Costs. 4.9 Examples. 4.9.1 High-Flow, VOC-Laden Air Stream. 4.9.2 Moderate-Flow, HVOC-Laden Air Stream. 4.9.3 Waste-Gas Stream with VOCs and particulates. 4.9.4 New Biotreatment Facility for an Existing Manufacturing Site. 4.10 Engineering Evaluations and Pollution Prevention. 4.10.1 What is Engineering Evaluation? 4.10.2 How Does It Work? 4.10.3 Where Is It Valuable. 4.11 The 10-Step Method. 4.11.1Define Problem and Set Goals (Step 1 and 2). 4.11.2 Identify the Alternatives (Step 3). 4.11.3 Define the Alternatives (S