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Karim Khan, MD, PhD, is a clinician-scientist at the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, Canada, and a consultant in the osteoporosis program at BC Women's & Children's Hospital. He has conducted extensive bone research. And coauthored the best-selling text Clinical Sports Medicine. He is on the editorial boards of the British Journal of Sports Medicine, Physician and Sportsmedicine and International SportMed Journal. Heather McKay, PhD, is an associate professor in the School of Human Kinetics at the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, Canada. She also is adjunct professor in the university's department of medicine and an associate in its Institute of Health Promotion Research. For many years, she has conducted research related to the bone health of women and girls and was involved in one of the earliest studies of amenorrhea in collegiate runners. Dr. McKay was key investigator in the University of Saskatchewan Pediatric Bone Mineral Accrual Study. Pekka Kannus, MD, PhD, is chief physician and head of the Accident and Trauma Research Center at the UKK Institute in Tampere, Finland. He also is a professor of injury prevention at the University of Tampere and an associate professor of sports medicine at the University of JyvA-A?A"skylA-A?A" in Finland. His scientific work has focused on basic and applied research of the musculoskeletal system of the human body. His primary interest is in bone research and prevention of osteoporotic fractures. Don Bailey, PhD, is a professor at the University of Saskatchewan in Saskatoon, Canada, and the University of Queensland in Brisbane, Australia. During his scientific career, he has studied child growth and development and the relationship between bone mineral accrual and physical activity in the growing years. He directed the landmark Saskatchewan Growth Study, a 10-year investigation of growth and physical fitness in school-age children. John Wark, MD, PhD, is a professor of medicine at the University of Melbourne in Australia. He is head of the Bone and Mineral Service at the Royal Melbourne Hospital and the director of the Centre of Osteoporosis and Bone Studies at the same leading teaching hospital campus. As both a specialist in endocrinology and an internationally recognized authority on bone metabolism, Dr. Wark covers a wide range of issues regarding bone, nutrition, and physical activity. He was the principal investigator in the first controlled trial of physical activity intervention in schoolgirls. Kim Bennell, PT, PhD, is an associate professor in the school of physiotherapy and head of the Centre for Sports Medicine Research and Education at the University of Melbourne in Australia. She also is a director of a private physiotherapy clinic that specializes in exercise prescription in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. Dr. Bennell earned her reputation in the bone field for her pivotal stress fracture research and work in physical activity and bone mineral in active people. She is the author of the first prospective study of the risk factors for stress fractures. Dr. Bennell is currently undertaking National Health and Medical Research Council funded research on the effect of ballet training in young girls.
Part I. Structure, Function, and Measurement of Bone Chapter 1. Anatomy Bone's Organic Makeup Macroscopic and Microscopic Appearance Bone Cells: Osteoblasts, Osteocytes, Osteoclasts Summary References Chapter 2. Physiology Calcium Homeostasis Mechanotransduction Modeling and Remodeling Summary References Chapter 3. Biomechanics Material Properties of Bone Structural Properties of Bone Bone's Response to Local Mechanical Loading How Physical Activity Generates Loads on Bone Summary References Chapter 4. Measuring the Properties of Bone Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry Quantitative Ultrasound Quantitative Computed Tomography Measuring Bone Metabolism: Biochemical Markers Summary References Part II. Determinants of Bone Mineral Other Than Physical Activity Chapter 5. Age, Sex, Genetics, and Race Age Sex Genetics Race and Ethnicity Summary References Chapter 6. Soft Tissue Determinants of Bone Mineral Density Total Body Mass and BMD Lean Mass and BMD Fat Mass and BMD Soft Tissue in Bone Research Studies Summary References Chapter 7. Influence of Normal Endocrine Function on Bone Mineral Estrogen Progesterone Effects of Pregnancy and Lactation Testosterone Growth Hormone and Insulin-Like Growth Factor I Corticosteroid Hormones Thyroid Hormone Summary References Chapter 8. Dietary Intake and Bone Mineral Calcium Intake and Bone Mineral Density at Various Life Stages Vitamin D and Bone Mineralization Dietary Supplementation and Fracture Risk Interaction of Calcium and Physical Activity Other Lifestyle Factors and Bone Mineral Density Summary References Part III. Evidence and Prescription: A Life Span Approach Chapter 9. Measurement of Physical Activity Inherent Limitations Traditional Methods Suggestions for Measuring Physical Activity in Bone Studies Summary References Chapter 10. Physical Activity and Bone in Childhood and Adolescence Exercise, Bone Mineral Response, and Age Normal Bone Mineral Accrual Targeted Bone Loading and Bone Mineral Generalized Physical Activity and Bone Mineral Exercise Prescriptions Summary References Chapter 11. Physical Activity, Targeted Bone Loading, and Bone Mineral in Premenopausal Women Longitudinal Studies: Exercise Intervention Cross-Sectional Studies: Athletes Versus Controls Longitudinal Studies: Athletes Versus Controls Cross-Sectional Studies: Generalized Physical Activity Mechanism of Bone Augmentation Exercise Prescription Summary References Chapter 12. Physical Activity, Targeted Bone Loading, and Bone Mineral in Postmenopausal Women Vertebral BMD and Targeted Bone Loading Vertebral BMD and Minimal Bone Loading Proximal Femoral BMD and Targeted Bone Loading Mechanism of Bone Changes Mechanism of Mechanical Load Adaptation Exercise Prescription Summary References Chapter 13. Physical Activity and Bone Mineral in Men Controlled Trials of Exercise and BMD Longitudinal Observational Studies Cross-Sectional Studies of Athletes and Controls Studies Examining Physical Activity As a Determinant of BMD Mechanism of Bone Gain Exercise Prescriptions Summary References Chapter 14. Exercise and Fall Prevention Falling, Fracture, and Age-Related Physiological Changes Among Older Adults Can Exercise Decrease the Incidence of Falls? Guidelines for Exercise Prescription Summary References Chapter 15. Exercise Prescription for People With Osteoporosis The Problem of Osteoporosis Finer Point: Commonly Prescribed Treatments for Osteoporosis Exercise Prescriptions Summary References Part IV. Intense Physical Activity and Bone Health Chapter 16. Skeletal Effects of Menstrual Disturbance Delayed Menarche and Bone Mass Intense Physical Training and Linear Growth Menstrual Disturbance and Bone Other Factors Contributing to Osteopenia Athlete Menstrual Disturbance and Osteoporosis Mechanism of Bone Loss Treatment of Amenorrheic Women References Chapter 17. Stress Fractures Continuum of Bone Overu