Multiphase Catalytic Reactors

Zeynep Ilsen OEnsan received her B.Sc degree (1968) in chemical engineering from former Robert College (now Bogazici University), Istanbul-Turkey, and her Ph.D. degree and D.I.C. (1972) in chemical engineering and heterogeneous catalysis from Imperial College, London-UK. She pioneered in establishing heterogeneous catalysis research in Turkey at Bogazici University, directed several sizeable research and institution-building projects, and has 40 years of teaching and research experience in heterogeneous catalysis and chemical reaction engineering and 25 years of research collaboration and teaching in bioreaction engineering. Dr. OEnsan is a professor of chemical engineering at Bogazici University and has 85 research papers including 74 articles in SCI journals and a book chapter coauthored with Dr. Avci on reactor design for fuel processing. Ahmet Kerim Avci?received BS, MS and PhD degrees in chemical engineering from Bogazici University in 1996, 1997 and 2003, respectively. He worked as an R&D manager in Procter & Gamble, Brussels-Belgium. In 2005, he joined chemical engineering department of Bogazici University, where he is currently a full professor. He is the leader of numerous research projects funded by governmental institutes and industry, and is the author of more than 25 papers in refereed SCI journals. He is the holder of Distinguished Young Scientist Fellowship (Turkish Academy of Sciences, 2009), Excellence in Research Award (Bogazi?i University Foundation, 2010), Eser Tumen Outstanding Achievement Award for Young Scientists (2011) and Professor Mustafa N. Parlar Research Incentive Award (2011).

List of Contributors, x Preface, xii Part 1 Principles of catalytic reaction engineering 1 Catalytic reactor types and their industrial significance, 3 Zeynep Ilsen OEnsan and Ahmet Kerim Avci 1.1 Introduction, 3 1.2 Reactors with fixed bed of catalysts, 3 1.2.1 Packed-bed reactors, 3 1.2.2 Monolith reactors, 8 1.2.3 Radial flow reactors, 9 1.2.4 Trickle-bed reactors, 9 1.2.5 Short contact time reactors, 10 1.3 Reactors with moving bed of catalysts, 11 1.3.1 Fluidized-bed reactors, 11 1.3.2 Slurry reactors, 13 1.3.3 Moving-bed reactors, 14 1.4 Reactors without a catalyst bed, 14 1.5 Summary, 16 References, 16 2 Microkinetic analysis of heterogeneous catalytic systems, 17 Zeynep Ilsen OEnsan 2.1 Heterogeneous catalytic systems, 17 2.1.1 Chemical and physical characteristics of solid catalysts, 18 2.1.2 Activity, selectivity, and stability, 21 2.2 Intrinsic kinetics of heterogeneous reactions, 22 2.2.1 Kinetic models and mechanisms, 23 2.2.2 Analysis and correlation of rate data, 27 2.3 External (interphase) transport processes, 32 2.3.1 External mass transfer: Isothermal conditions, 33 2.3.2 External temperature effects, 35 2.3.3 Nonisothermal conditions: Multiple steady states, 36 2.3.4 External effectiveness factors, 38 2.4 Internal (intraparticle) transport processes, 39 2.4.1 Intraparticle mass and heat transfer, 39 2.4.2 Mass transfer with chemical reaction: Isothermal effectiveness, 41 2.4.3 Heat and mass transfer with chemical reaction, 45 2.4.4 Impact of internal transport limitations on kinetic studies, 47 2.5 Combination of external and internal transport effects, 48 2.5.1 Isothermal overall effectiveness, 48 2.5.2 Nonisothermal conditions, 49 2.6 Summary, 50 Nomenclature, 50 Greek letters, 51 References, 51 Part 2 Two-phase catalytic reactors 3 Fixed-bed gas-solid catalytic reactors, 55 Joao P. Lopes and Alirio E. Rodrigues 3.1 Introduction and outline, 55 3.2 Modeling of fixed-bed reactors, 57 3.2.1 Description of transport-reaction phenomena, 57 3.2.2 Mathematical model, 59 3.2.3 Model reduction and selection, 61 3.3 Averaging over the catalyst particle, 61 3.3.1 Chemical regime, 64 3.3.2 Diffusional regime, 64 3.4 Dominant fluid-solid mass transfer, 66 3.4.1 Isothermal axial flow bed, 67 3.4.2 Non-isothermal non-adiabatic axial flow bed, 70 3.5 Dominant fluid-solid mass and heat transfer, 70 3.6 Negligible mass and thermal dispersion, 72 3.7 Conclusions, 73 Nomenclature, 74 Greek letters, 75 References, 75 4 Fluidized-bed catalytic reactors, 80 John R. Grace 4.1 Introduction, 80 4.1.1 Advantages and disadvantages of fluidized-bed reactors, 80 4.1.2 Preconditions for successful fluidized-bed processes, 81 4.1.3 Industrial catalytic processes employing fluidized-bed reactors, 82 4.2 Key hydrodynamic features of gas-fluidized beds, 83 4.2.1 Minimum fluidization velocity, 83 4.2.2 Powder group and minimum bubbling velocity, 84 4.2.3 Flow regimes and transitions, 84 4.2.4 Bubbling fluidized beds, 84 4.2.5 Turbulent fluidization flow regime, 85 4.2.6 Fast fluidization and dense suspension upflow, 85 4.3 Key properties affecting reactor performance, 86 4.3.1 Particle mixing, 86 4.3.2 Gas mixing, 87 4.3.3 Heat transfer and temperature uniformity, 87 4.3.4 Mass transfer, 88 4.3.5 Entrainment, 88 4.3.6 Attrition, 89 4.3.7 Wear, 89 4.3.8 Agglomeration and fouling, 89 4.3.9 Electrostatics and other interparticle forces, 89 4.4 Reactor modeling, 89 4.4.1 Basis for reactor modeling, 89 4.4.2 Modeling of bubbling and slugging flow regimes, 90 4.4.3 Modeling of reactors operating in high-velocity flow regimes, 91 4.5 Scale-up, pilot testing, and practical issues, 91 4.5.1 Scale-up issues, 91 4.5.2 Laboratory and pilot testing, 91 4.5.3 Instrumentation, 92 4.5.4 Other practical issues, 92 4.6 Concluding remarks, 92 Nomenclature, 93 Greek letters,