Transformation Products of Emerging Contaminants in the Environment

Editors Dimitra A. Lambropoulou Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece Leo M. L. Nollet Emeritus, Faculty of Applied Engineering Sciences, University College Ghent, Belgium

Preface xiii List of Contributors xv VOLUME 1 PART I GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS 1 1 Classifying the Transformation Products (TPs) of Emerging Contaminants (ECs) for Prioritizing Research into their Impact on the Environment and Human Health 3 Jacek Namiesnik, Lidia Wolska, Radosaw Czernych, Grazyna Gaeziowska and Monia Cieszynska 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Emerging Contaminants Emerging Problem 5 1.3 Transformation Products of ECs 41 1.4 Minimizing Environmental Risk of ECs and their TPs 43 1.5 Concluding Remarks and Future Perspectives 45 References 49 2 Transformation Products of Emerging Organic Compounds as Future Groundwater and Drinking Water Contaminants 65 Marianne E. Stuart and Dan J. Lapworth 2.1 Introduction 65 2.2 Sources and Pathways of Emerging Contaminants to Groundwater 66 2.3 Persistence in the Groundwater Environment 68 2.4 Emerging Contaminants and their Transformation Products in Groundwater 69 2.5 Toxicity and Risk Assessment 76 2.6 Conclusions 78 References 79 PART II TRANSFORMATION PROCESSES AND TREATMENT STRATEGIES 87 3 Phototransformation Processes of Emerging Contaminants in Surface Water 89 Davide Vione and Serge Chiron 3.1 Introduction 89 3.2 Direct Photolysis and Sensitised Reactions in the Transformation of Emerging Contaminants 90 3.3 The Case of Photonitration 104 3.4 Towards the Modelling of Phototransformation Kinetics in Surface Water 106 References 118 4 Transformation Products of Emerging Contaminants upon Reaction with Conventional Water Disinfection Oxidants 123 Jose Benito Quintana, Rosario Rodil and Isaac Rodrguez 4.1 Introduction 123 4.2 Analytical Methodology for Transformation Products Identification 124 4.3 Factors Influencing the Kinetics of Chlorination 131 4.4 Overview of Typical Reaction Mechanisms During Free Chlorine Treatments 135 4.5 Review of Current Knowledge of Emerging Pollutant Reactions with Free Chlorine 138 4.6 Other Disinfection Agents 150 4.7 Conclusions and Outlook 155 References 155 5 Approaches to Water andWastewater Treatment for Removal of Emerging Contaminants: Ongoing Research and Recommendations for Future Work 161 Sixto Malato, P. Fernandez-Ibanez, I. Oller, L. Prieto-Rodriguez, S. Miralles-Cuevas and Alejandro Cabrera-Reina 5.1 Introduction 161 5.2 Ozonation 163 5.3 Membrane Processes 165 5.4 Membrane Bioreactors (MBR) 167 5.5 AOPs Including Solar AOPs 169 References 175 6 Transformation Products of Emerging Contaminants Formed during Advanced Oxidation Processes 179 Ioannis K. Konstantinou, Dimitra A. Lambropoulou and Maria Antonopoulou 6.1 Introduction 179 6.2 Pesticides 180 6.3 Phthalate Esters 203 6.4 Pharmaceutical Compounds 204 6.5 Others 215 6.6 Conclusion 217 Acknowledgments 218 References 218 7 Enzymatic Reactors Applied for the Biotransformation of Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals 229 J.M. Lema, M.T. Moreira, G. Eibes, T. Lu-Chau, L. Lloret, R. Taboada, A. Arca-Ramos and G. Feijoo 7.1 Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals 229 7.2 White-Rot Fungi and Their Lignin Modifying Enzymes 234 7.3 Enzymatic Reactors 238 7.4 Determination of Transformation Products from the Enzymatic Treatment of EDCs 248 References 255 8 Biologically Mediated Chiral Inversion of Emerging Contaminants 261 Stuart J. Khan 8.1 Introduction 261 8.3 Changes in Enantiomeric Composition During Biological Transformation Processes 268 8.4 Evidence for Biologically Mediated Chiral Inversion 271 8.5 Implications and Priorities for Future Research 274 References 274 PART III ANALYTICAL STRATEGIES 281 9 Quality Issues in Water Sampling, Sample Pre-Treatment and Monitoring 283 Sara Bogialli, Stefano Polesello and Sara Valsecchi 9.1 Introduction 283 9.2 Monitoring of Transformation Products in Water Bodies 284 9.3 Sample Representativeness and Stability Issues 287 9.4 Identification of Transformation Products and Legislative Requirements 292 9.5 Conclu