General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry

Kenneth W. Raymond is the author of General Organic and Biological Chemistry: An Integrated Approach, 4th Edition, published by Wiley.

chapter 1 Science and Measurements 1 1.1 The Scientific Method 2 HealthLink Science and Medicine5 1.2 Matter and Energy 5 1.3 Units of Measurement 9 1.4 Scientific Notation, SI and Metric Prefixes 13 1.5 Measurements and Significant Figures 15 HealthLink Body Mass Index 18 HealthLink Body Temperature 21 1.6 Conversion Factors and the Factor Label Method 22 1.7 Density, Specific Gravity, and Specific Heat 25 HealthLink Making Weight 28 1.8 Measurements in General Chemistry,Organic Chemistry, and Biochemistry 29 chapter 2 A toms and Elements 42 2.1 Atoms 44 2.2 Elements 46 2.3 Trace Elements 48 2.4 Atomic Number and Mass Number 51 HealthLink Stable Isotopes and Drug Testing 53 2.5 Periodic Table 54 HealthLink Lead 58 2.6 The Mole 59 2.7 The Arrangement of Electrons 62 BiochemistryLink Bioluminescence 67 2.8 Radioactive Isotopes 68 2.9 Radioisotopes in Medicine 71 HealthLink Radioisotopes for Sale 79 HealthLink CT and MRI Imaging 79 chapter 3 Compounds 88 3.1 Ions 90 3.2 The Octet Rule 93 BiochemistryLink Ionophores and Biological Ion Transport 95 3.3 Ionic Compounds 96 HealthLink Pass the Salt, Please 100 3.4 Covalent Bonds 101 3.5 Molecules 103 HealthLink Dental Fillings 105 3.6 Formula Weight, Molecular Weight,and Molar Mass 105 HealthLink Nitric Oxide 108 chapter 4 An Introduct ion to Organic Compounds 116 4.1 Structural Formulas 118 4.2 Polar Covalent Bonds, Shape, and Polarity 123 HealthLink Prion Diseases 128 4.3 Noncovalent Interactions 130 4.4 Families of Organic Compounds 132 BiochemistryLink Ethylene, a Plant Hormone 134 HealthLink Sunscreens 139 chapter 5 Reactions 150 5.1 Chemical Equations 152 5.2 Reaction Types 156 5.3 Reactions Involving Water 158 5.4 Oxidation and Reduction 161 HealthLink Antiseptics and Oxidation 166 5.5 Mole and Mass Relationships in Reactions 167 5.6 Calculating the Yield of a Reaction 171 5.7 Free Energy and Reaction Rate 174 HealthLink Carbonic Anhydrase 177 chapter 6 Gases, Solutions,Colloids, and Suspensions 190 6.1 Gases and Pressure 192 HealthLink Blood Pressure 196 6.2 The Gas Laws 197 6.3 Partial Pressure 202 HealthLink Breathing 203 6.4 Solutions 204 6.5 Precipitation Reactions 207 6.6 Solubility of Gases in Water 209 6.7 Organic and Biochemical Compounds 212 HealthLink Prodrugs 215 6.8 Concentration 216 6.9 Dilution 221 6.10 Colloids and Suspensions 222 HealthLink Saliva 224 6.11 Diffusion and Osmosis 225 HealthLink Diffusion and the Kidneys 227 chapter 7 Acids, Bases, and Equilibrium 238 7.1 Acids and Bases 240 7.2 BrnstedLowry Acids and Bases 241 7.3 Equilibrium 243 7.4 Le Chteliers Principle 246 BiochemistryLink Diving Mammals, Oxygen, and Myoglobin 249 7.5 Ionization of Water 250 7.6 The pH Scale 251 7.7 Acid and Base Strength 254 BiochemistryLink Plants as pH Indicators 257 7.8 Neutralizing Acids and Bases 257 7.9 Effect of pH on Acid and Conjugate Base Concentrations 259 7.10 Buffers 261 BiochemistryLink The HendersonHasselbalch Equation 262 7.11 Maintaining the pH of Blood Serum 263 chapter 8 Organic Reactions 1Hydrocarbons,Carboxylic Acids,Amines, and Related Compounds 276 8.1 Alkanes 278 8.2 Constitutional Isomers 282 8.3 Conformations 284 8.4 Cycloalkanes 285 8.5 Alkenes, Alkynes, and Aromatic Compounds 287 8.6 Reactions of Hydrocarbons 291 8.7 Carboxylic Acids 297 8.8 Phenols 299 HealthLink A Chili Pepper Painkiller 300 8.9 Carboxylic Acids and Phenols as Weak Organic Acids 301 8.10 Preparing Esters 304 HealthLink Alpha Hydroxy Acids 306 8.11 Amines 307 HealthLink Adrenaline and Related Compounds 310 8.12 Amines as Weak Organic Bases 311 8.13 Amides 313 HealthLink Biofilms 315 BiochemistryLink A Cure for Fleas 316 chapter 9 Organic Reactions 2Alcohols, Ethers, Aldehydes, and Ketones 334 9.1 Alcohols, Ethers, and Related Compounds 336 9.2