Theory and Design for Mechanical Measurements

Richard Figliola is Professor of Mechanical Engineering and Bioengineering at Clemson University. He has served previously as Department Chair. In 2011, he received the Class of 1939 Award for Excellence, Clemson University's highest faculty award. A Fellow of ASME, he serves on the ASME PTC 19.1 - the National Committee on Experimental Test Uncertainty. Dr. Figliola has published extensively in the area of fluid and thermal transport and many of his publications discuss novel measurement methods. He is senior author of an engineering measurements textbook that is now its 5th edition. He holds 5 patents and has engineered several successful commercial products. He has a background in aerospace and heat transfer, which still occupy part of his research as they relate to air vehicle systems integration and uncertainty analysis. His research in biofluid mechanics involves experimental patient-specific models to better understand the hemodynamics associated with right heart congenital defects and single ventricle physiology. Since, January 2010 he has served as the US leader of the Leducq Foundation Transatlantic Network focused on Single Ventricle Heart Defects, which involves 8 engineering and clinical centers in the US and Europe. His recent work is supported by the Leducq Foundation, NIH, National Science Foundation, and the US Air Force. Donald Beasley received his PhD from University of Michigan in 1983. He joined the faculty in Mechanical Engineering at Clemson University the same year. Dr. Beasley's research interests are in the areas of fluid mechanics and heat transfer, including flow and heat transfer in rod bundles, multiphase flows, as well as the application of nonlinear dynamics and chaos in the thermal fluid sciences. He has more than 100 refereed conference and journal papers, and is co-author of a leading textbook in instrumentation and measurements. Dr. Beasley is a Fellow of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers and an ABET program evaluator. He serves as Chair, K-8 Technical Committee of the ASME Heat Transfer Division: Theory and Fundamental Research.

1 Basic Concepts of Measurement Methods 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 General Measurement System 2 1.3 Experimental Test Plan 5 1.4 Calibration 15 1.5 Standards 23 1.6 Presenting Data 31 1.7 Summary 35 References 35 Nomenclature 36 Problems 36 2 Static and Dynamic Characteristics of Signals 43 2.1 Introduction 43 2.2 Input/output Signal Concepts 43 2.3 Signal Analysis 48 2.4 Signal Amplitude and Frequency 51 2.5 Fourier Transform and the Frequency Spectrum 65 2.6 Summary 73 References 73 Suggested Reading 74 Nomenclature 74 Problems 74 3 Measurement System Behavior 81 3.1 Introduction 81 3.2 General Model for a Measurement System 81 3.3 Special Cases of the General System Model 85 3.4 Transfer Functions 108 3.5 Phase Linearity 110 3.6 Multiple-Function Inputs 112 3.7 Coupled Systems 114 3.8 Summary 116 References 116 Nomenclature 116 Problems 117 4 Probability and Statistics 123 4.1 Introduction 123 4.2 Statistical Measurement Theory 124 4.3 Describing the Behavior of a Population 131 4.4 Statistics of Finite-Sized Data Sets 135 4.5 Hypothesis Testing 141 4.6 Chi-squared Distribution 144 4.7 Regression Analysis 148 4.8 Data Outlier Detection 155 4.9 Number of Measurements Required 156 4.10 Monte Carlo Simulations 158 4.11 Summary 160 References 161 Nomenclature 162 Problems 162 5 Uncertainty Analysis 168 5.1 Introduction 168 5.2 Measurement Errors 169 5.3 Design-Stage Uncertainty Analysis 171 5.4 Identifying Error Sources 176 5.5 Systematic and Random Errors and Standard Uncertainties 177 5.6 Uncertainty Analysis: Multi-Variable Error Propagation 180 5.7 Advanced-Stage Uncertainty Analysis 187 5.8 Multiple-Measurement Uncertainty Analysis 193 5.9 Correction for Correlated Errors 205 5.10 Nonsymmetrical Systematic Uncertainty Interval 208 5.11 Summary 209 References 210 Nomenclature 210 Problems 211 6 Analog Electrical Devices and Measurements 219 6.1 Introduction 219 6.2 Analog Devices: Current Measurements 220 6.3 Analog Devices: Voltage Measurements 224 6.4 Analog Devices: Resistance Measurements 228 6.5 Loading Errors and Impedance Matching 235 6.6 Analog Signal Conditioning: Amplifiers 240 6.7 Analog Signal Conditioning: Special-Purpose Circuits 245 6.8 Analog Signal Conditioning: Filters 250 6.9 Grounds, Shielding, and Connecting Wires 261 6.10 Summary 264 References 264 Nomenclature 264 Problems 265 7 Sampling, Digital Devices, and Data Acquisition 271 7.1 Introduction 271 7.2 Sampling Concepts 272 7.3 Digital Devices: Bits and Words 280 7.4 Transmitting Digital Numbers: High and Low Signals 282 7.5 Voltage Measurements 284 7.6 Data Acquisition Systems 295 7.7 Data Acquisition System Components 296 7.8 Analog Input-Output Communication 301 7.9 Digital Input Output Communication 306 7.10 Digital Image Acquisition and Processing 311 7.11 Summary 316 References 316 Nomenclature 317 Problems 317 8 Temperature Measurements 322 8.1 Introduction 322 8.2 Temperature Standards and Definition 323 8.3 Thermometry Based on Thermal Expansion 326 8.4 Electrical Resistance Thermometry 328 8.5 Thermoelectric Temperature Measurement 342 8.6 Radiative Temperature Measurements 365 8.7 Physical Errors in Temperature Measurement 373 8.8 Summary 382 References 383 Suggested Reading 384 Nomenclature 384 Problems 385 9 Pressure and Velocity Measurements 392 9.1 Introduction 392 9.2 Pressure Concepts 392 9.3 Pressure Reference Instruments 395 9.4 Pressure Transducers 403 9.5 Pressure Transducer Calibration 410 9.6 Pressure Measurements in Moving Fluids 412 9.7 Modeling Pressure - Fluid Systems 416