Printed Electronics

Prof Zheng Cui, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China Zheng Cui?obtained a?PhD in electronic engineering in 1988 and became a Visiting Fellow at the Microelectronics Research Center, Cambridge University, UK, in 1989. Cui?joined the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, UK, in 1993 and subsequently became a Principal Scientist and group leader there in 1999. In October 2009, after working in the UK for 20 years, Cui returned to China and founded the Printable Electronics Research Center at the Suzhou Institute of Nanotech, which was the first research center dedicated to printed electronics R&D in China. Dr Song Qiu, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China Song Qiu received a B.S. Polymer Materials and Engineering in 2000, followed by a PhD in Polymer Chemistry and Physics?from Jilin University in 2005. Dr Jian Lin,?Chinese Academy of Sciences, China Jian Lin received his PhD degree in Polymer Chemistry and Physics from Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences in 2008. Dr. Jianwen Zhao,?Chinese Academy of Sciences, China Jianwen Zhao received his PhD degree in Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academic of Science, in 2008. Dr. Chang-Qi Ma,?Chinese Academy of Sciences, China Chang-Qi Ma received his bachelor's degree in Chemistry from Beijing Normal University in 1998. In 2003 he obtained his PhD degree at the Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences in Beijing with Professor B.-W. Zhang. Dr. Zheng Chen, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China Zheng Chen received the B.S. degree in materials physics and PhD degree in condensed matter physics from the University of Science and Technology of China, in 2002 and 2007, respectively. Dr. Wenming Su, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China Wenming Su is anAssociate professor of Printable Electronics Research Center, Suzhou Institute of Nanotech, Chinese Academy of Sciences.

Preface xii 1 Introduction 1 Zheng Cui 1.1 What is Printed Electronics? 1 1.2 The Importance of Developing Printed Electronics 11 1.3 Multidisciplinary Nature of Printed Electronics 15 1.4 Structure and Content of the Book 17 References 19 2 Organic Printable Electronic Materials 21 Song Qiu and Chunshan Zhou 2.1 Introduction 21 2.2 Organic Conductive Materials 22 2.2.1 Characteristics of Organic Conductive Materials 22 2.2.2 History of Organic Conductive Materials 23 2.2.3 Conductive Polymer 23 2.2.3.1 Structural Conductive Polymer 23 2.2.3.2 Composite Conductive Polymer 25 2.2.4 PEDOT 25 2.3 Printable Organic Small Molecular Semiconductors 27 2.3.1 Fused Aromatic Compounds 28 2.3.2 Heterocyclic Sulfur Compounds and Oligothiophenes 30 2.3.3 Other Materials with High Mobility 33 2.4 Printable Polymeric Semiconductor 34 2.4.1 P-type Polymer Semiconductors 35 2.4.1.1 Sulfur-containing Heterocyclic Polymeric Semiconductors 35 2.4.1.2 Phenyl-containing Polymeric Semiconductors 37 2.4.1.3 Other p-type Polymeric Semiconductors 39 2.4.2 N-type Polymer Semiconductors 39 2.4.3 Ambipolar Transistor and Related Polymer Materials 41 2.4.4 Outlook 43 2.5 Other Printable Organic Electronic Materials 44 2.5.1 Organic Insulating Materials 44 2.5.2 Organic Materials for Sensors 47 2.6 Summary 49 References 49 3 Inorganic Printable Electronic Materials 54 Zheng Chen 3.1 Introduction 54 3.2 Metallic Materials 56 3.2.1 Metallic Ink 56 3.2.2 Post-printing Process 63 3.2.3 Metal Nanowire 64 3.3 Transparent Oxide 66 3.3.1 Transparent Oxide Semiconductor and Conductor 66 3.3.2 Low Temperature Solution Processing 68 3.3.3 Doped Transparent Oxide Nanoparticles 71 3.4 Single-wall Carbon Nanotube 72 3.4.1 Preparation and Selective Chemistry of SWNT 72 3.4.2 Purification of SWNT 76 3.4.3 Metallic SWNT Thin Film 77 3.4.4 Semiconducting SWNT Thin Film 79 3.5 Graphene 83 3.6 Silicon and Germanium 86 3.7 Metal Chalcogenides Semiconductor and Quantum Dots 90 3.7.1 Metal Chalcogenides Semiconductor 90 3.7.2 Quantum Dots 90 3.8 Nanoparticle/Polymer Dielectric Composites 92 3.9 Summary 95 References 96 4 Printing Processes and Equipments 106 Jian Lin 4.1 Introduction 106 4.2 Jet Printing 108 4.2.1 Inkjet Printing 108 4.2.1.1 Working Principles 108 4.2.1.2 Pattern Preparation 108 4.2.1.3 Application in Printed Electronics 110 4.2.2 Aerosol Jet Printing 111 4.2.2.1 Working Principle 112 4.2.2.2 Pattern Preparation 112 4.2.2.3 Advantages and Challenges 113 4.2.3 Electrohydrodynamic Jet Printing 114 4.2.4 Advantages and Disadvantages 114 4.3 Direct Replicate Printing 115 4.3.1 Screen Printing 116 4.3.1.1 Working Principle 116 4.3.1.2 Screen Mask 117 4.3.1.3 Advantages and Disadvantages 118 4.3.1.4 Applications 118 4.3.2 Gravure Printing 118 4.3.2.1 Principle and System 118 4.3.2.2 Gravure Plate 120 4.3.2.3 Advantages and Disadvantages 120 4.3.2.4 Applications in Printed Electronics 121 4.3.3 Flexographic Printing 122 4.3.3.1 Principle and System 122 4.3.3.2 Printing Plate 123 4.3.3.3 Advantages and Disadvantages 123 4.3.3.4 Applications in Printed Electronics 125 4.4 Indirect Replicate Printing 125 4.4.1 Offset Printing 125 4.4.2 Gravure Offset Printing 126 4.4.3 Pad Printing 128 4.5 Pre-printing Processes 129 4.5.1 Pattern Design 129 4.5.2 Modification of Surface Energy 130 4.5.3 Surface Coating 131 4.5.4 Embossing and Nanoimprinting 131 4.6 Post-printing Processes 134 4.6.1 Sintering 134 4.6.2 UV Curing 135 4.6.3 Annealing 135 4.7 Summary 136 References 137 5 Printed Thin Film Transistors 145 Jianwen Zhao 5.1 Introduction 145 5.2 Types of Transistors 146 5.3 Working Principles of Transistors 147 5.3.1 Basic Mechanism of MOSFETs 147 5.3.2 Charge Carriers and Carrier Mobility 149 5.3.3 Basic Parameters of TFT 149 5.3.3.1 Effective Mobility 149 5.3.3.