The Handbook of the Criminology of Terrorism

Gary LaFree is Director of the National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism (START) and a Distinguished Scholar and Professor of Criminology and Criminal Justice at the University of Maryland. His most recent book (with Laura Dugan and Erin Miller) is Putting Terrorism in Context (2015). Joshua D. Freilich is a member of the Criminal Justice Department and the Criminal Justice PhD Program at John Jay College. He is the Creator and co-Director of the United States Extremist Crime Database (ECDB), an open source relational database of violent and financial crimes committed by political extremists in the U.S.

Notes on Contributors viii Part I Introduction 1 Bringing Criminology into the Study of Terrorism 3 Gary LaFree and Joshua D. Freilich Part II Etiology 15 1 The Etiology of Radicalization 17 Randy Borum 2 Psychological Factors in Radicalization: A 3 N Approach 33 David Webber and Arie W. Kruglanski 3 What Makes Them Do It? IndividualLevel Indicators of Extremist Outcomes 47 John P. Sawyer and Justin Hienz 4 The Terrorists Planning Cycle: Patterns of Preincident Behavior 62 Brent L. Smith, Paxton Roberts, and Kelly R. Damphousse 5 Grouplevel Predictors of Political and Religiously Motivated Violence 77 Katharine A. Boyd 6 Countrylevel Predictors of Terrorism 93 Nancy A. Morris and Gary LaFree Part III Theories 119 7 General Strain Theory and Terrorism 121 Robert Agnew 8 Social Learning Theory and Becoming a Terrorist: New Challenges for a General Theory 133 J. Keith Akins and L. Thomas Winfree, Jr. 9 The Situational Approach to Terrorism 150 Henda Y. Hsu and Graeme R. Newman 10 Victimization Theories and Terrorism 162 William S. Parkin 11 Analyzing Radicalization and Terrorism: A Situational Action Theory 175 PerOlof H. Wikstrm and Nomie Bouhana Part IV Research Methods 187 12 Measuring Terrorism 189 Laura Dugan and Michael Distler 13 Paradigmatic Case Studies and Prison Ethnography: Future Directions in Terrorism Research 206 Mark S. Hamm and Ramn Spaaij 14 Social Network Analysis and Terrorism 221 Aili Malm, Rebecca Nash, and Ramin Moghadam 15 Spatial and Temporal Analysis of Terrorism and Insurgency 232 Shane D. Johnson and Alex Braithwaite 16 Applying Multilevel Models to Terrorism Research 244 Brian D. Johnson 17 Methodological Advances in the Study of Terrorism: Using Latent Class Growth Analysis to Estimate Terrorism Trends 260 Nancy A. Morris 18 Interrupted Time Series Analysis in the Study of Terrorism 276 Robert Apel and Henda Y. Hsu Part V Types of Terrorism 295 19 Far Right Terrorism in the United States 297 Pete Simi and Bryan F. Bubolz 20 Leftwing Terrorism: From Anarchists to the Radical Environmental Movement and Back 310 Jennifer Varriale Carson 21 Assessing Aerial Hijacking as a Terrorist Tactic 323 Susan Fahey 22 Evolution of Suicide Attacks 339 Ami Pedahzur and Susanne Martin 23 Terrorist Assassinations: A Criminological Perspective 353 Marissa Mandala Part VI Terrorism and Other Types of Crime 371 24 Organized Crime and Terrorism 373 Enrique Desmond Arias and Nazia Hussain 25 Similar from a Distance: A Comparison of Terrorism and Hate Crime 385 Ryan D. King, Laura M. DeMarco, and Robert J. VandenBerg 26 Studying Extremist Homicide in the United States 402 Jeff Gruenewald and Brent R. Klein 27 Financial Terror: Financial Crime Schemes Involving Extremists Linked to the American Far Right and alQaeda and Affiliated Movements 420 Brandon A. Sullivan, Joshua D. Freilich, and Steven M. Chermak 28 An Empirical Analysis of Maritime Terrorism Using the Global Terrorism Database 433 Bo Jiang Part VII Countering Terrorism 449 29 Empowering Communities to Prevent Violent Extremism: A Report on the August 2014 National Summit 451 Stevan Weine and William Braniff 30 Terrorist Plots the United States: What We have Really Faced, and How We Might Best Defend Against It 468 Kevin J. Strom, John S. Hollywood, and Mark W. Pope 31 The Ten Commandments for Effective Counterterrorism 482 Simon Perry, David Weisburd, and Badi Hasisi 32 Prosecuting Terrorism post9/11: Impact of Policy Changes on Case Outcomes 495 Christopher A. Shields, Brent L. Smith, and Kelly R. Damphousse 33 Prisons: Their Role in Creating and Containing Terrorists 508 Margaret A. Zahn 34 The Individual Risk Assessment of Terrorism: Recent Developments 520 John Monahan 35 Legislative Efforts to Prevent Ecoterrorist Attacks 535 YiYuan Su and SueMing Yang 36 On the Relevance of Cyber Criminological Research in the Design of Polic