Dental Caries 3e

"Dental Caries: The Disease and its Clinical Management is a must for academics, specialists and postgraduates interested in cariology and for those clinicians for whom management of dental caries plays a significant part of their daily practice." (Dental Update, November 2015) "This book, which is clear and illustrated in colour, describes the causes of dental decay and its progression through the tooth in depth. Emphasis is placed upon the prevention as well as early diagnosis so that decay can be arrested in early stages. Methods of prevention from both scientific and practical aspects are covered, which makes this book ideal for undergraduate students as well as dental nurses, dental hygienists and dental therapists." (British Dental Journal 21 October 2016)

Ole Fejerskov is former professor of Cariology and Restorative Dentistry at Aarhus University and former head of the Danish National Research Foundation. He is Professor at the Institute of Biomedicine at Aarhus University, Denmark. Bente Nyvad is Professor of Cariology at the School of Dentistry at Aarhus University, Denmark. She is an Associate Editor of Caries Research. Edwina Kidd is Professor Emerita of Dental Cariology at King's College London Dental Institute.

Contributors xi Part I Dental caries: what is it and how widespread is it globally? Chapter 1 Prologue 3 O. Fejerskov, B. Nyvad, and E.A.M. Kidd Introduction 3 The role of cariology in restorative dentistry 3 The content of this textbook 4 Chapter 2 Dental caries: what is it? 7 O. Fejerskov, B. Nyvad, and E.A.M. Kidd The disease 7 Terminology 9 Background literature 9 References 10 Chapter 3 Clinical features of caries lesions 11 O. Fejerskov and B. Nyvad What do caries lesions look like clinically? 11 The deciduous dentition 12 The permanent dentition 13 Chapter 4 How big is the problem? Epidemiological features of dental caries 21 V. Baelum and O. Fejerskov Introduction 21 What? Defining the health issue at hand 21 Who? The distribution of caries in populations 28 Where? The geography of caries 35 When? Trends in caries 37 Why? The causes of caries 37 References 41 Part II The caries lesion and its biological determinants Chapter 5 Pathology of dental caries 49 O. Fejerskov Introduction 49 Human dental enamel at time of eruption 51 Enamel changes during early caries lesion development 55 The approximal white spot lesion 58 Progression of the enamel lesion 63 Arrest of the caries lesion 63 Occlusal caries 66 Dentin reactions to caries progression 71 Pulpo-dentinal reactions 71 Root-surface caries 77 Background literature 80 References 80 Chapter 6 Saliva and caries development 83 A. Bardow and A. Vissink Introduction 83 Saliva and salivary glands 84 Saliva and caries development: biological aspects 87 Saliva and caries development: clinical aspects 98 Evaluation of salivary gland function 101 Management of salivary gland hypofunction 104 Concluding remarks 105 Background literature 105 References 105 Chapter 7 Biofilms in caries development 107 P.D. Marsh, N. Takahashi, and B. Nyvad Introduction 107 The resident microflora 108 Dental biofilms: development, structure, composition, and properties 111 Caries microbiology: a brief historical perspective 121 Methodological problems in microbiological studies of dental caries 121 Microbiology of caries 122 Cariogenic features of dental biofilm bacteria 125 The 'ecological plaque hypothesis' to explain the role of dental biofilm bacteria in the etiology of dental caries 125 Concluding remarks 129 Background literature 129 References 129 Chapter 8 Diet and dental caries 133 C. van Loveren and P. Lingstroem History 133 Early ecological studies 134 Experimental human studies 134 Influence of fluoride on the diet-caries relationship 135 Measuring cariogenicity 136 Sweeteners 141 Protective factors in foods 149 Diet and dental erosion 150 Conclusion 151 References 151 Chapter 9 Demineralization and remineralization: the key to understanding clinical manifestations of dental caries 155 O. Fejerskov and M.J. Larsen Introduction 155 Enamel mineral 156 Stability of calcium phosphates 156 Crystal dissolution 157 Why is apatite solubility increased by acid? 158 Effect of carbonate and fluoride on apatite dissolution and growth 159 Demineralization and remineralization of the dental hard tissues 160 Caries demineralization 162 Remineralization of enamel 164 Remineralization of dentin 166 Background literature 169 References 170 Part III Diagnosis Chapter 10 The foundations of good diagnostic practice 173 V. Baelum, B. Nyvad, H.-G. Groendahl, and O. Fejerskov Introduction 173 The making of a dentist 174 The dental examination: in the best interest of our patients 175 What are we looking for? What is caries? 176 The wealth of caries diagnostic methods and criteria 178 The evolution in caries diagnostic methods 178 Diagnostic test assessment in the essentialistic gold-standard paradigm 179 Evaluating caries diagnostic methods 180 Leaps in the essentialistic gold-standard reasoning 181 Diagnostic test evaluation i