Wild Plants, Mushrooms and Nuts

Isabel C.F.R. Ferreira, Mountain Research Centre (CIMO), School of Agriculture, Polytechnic Institute of Bragana, Portugal Patricia Morales, Department of Nutrition and Bromatology II, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Spain Lillian Barros, Mountain Research Centre (CIMO), School of Agriculture, Polytechnic Institute of Bragana, Portugal

List of Contributors xi Preface xv 1 Introduction: The Increasing Demand for Functional Foods 1 Natlia Martins, Patricia Morales, Lillian Barros, and Isabel C. F. R. Ferreira 1.1 Food Patterns: A Crosssectional Approach and Brief Overview 1 1.2 Nutrition and Health: Facts and Tendencies 2 1.3 Functional Foods Diversity and Related Applications: A World of (Un)Explored Biofunctionalities 4 1.4 Functional Foods Versus Bioactive Molecules: Hierarchies and Regulatory Practices 6 1.5 Challenges and Opportunities: A Multidimensional Perspective 8 1.6 Conclusion 9 References 10 2 The Numbers Behind Mushroom Biodiversity 15 Anabela Martins 2.1 Origin and Diversity of Fungi 15 2.2 Ecological Diversity 18 2.3 Global Diversity of Soil Fungi 22 2.4 Wild Edible Fungi 24 2.5 Cultivation of Edible Fungi 38 2.6 Social and Economic Interest in Edible Mushrooms 41 2.7 Edible Mushroom World Production and Commercialization 42 2.8 Conclusion 49 References 50 3 The Nutritional Benefits of Mushrooms 65 Carolina Barroetavea and Carolina V. Toledo 3.1 Introduction 65 3.2 Nutritional Properties of Mushrooms 66 3.3 Vitamins 73 3.4 Conclusion 75 References 76 4 The Bioactive Properties of Mushrooms 83 Marina Sokovi, Ana iri, Jasmina Glamolija, and Dejan Stojkovi 4.1 Introduction 83 4.2 Antimicrobial Activity of Edible and Medicinal Fungi 84 4.3 Mushrooms as a Reliable Source of Antioxidants for Disease Prevention 95 4.4 Could Mushrooms Be Used as Cytotoxic and Antitumor Agents? 100 4.5 Controlling Obesity, Metabolic Syndrome, and Diabetes Mellitus with Mushrooms 108 4.6 Conclusion 111 References 111 5 The Use of Mushrooms in the Development of Functional Foods, Drugs, and Nutraceuticals 123 Humberto J. Morris, Gabriel Llaurad, Yaixa Beltrn, Yamila Lebeque, Rosa C. Bermdez, Nora Garca, Isabelle GaimePerraud, and Serge Moukha 5.1 Introduction 123 5.2 A Window into the Garden of a Novel Class of Products 125 5.3 Main Uses of Edible Medicinal Mushrooms in the Age of Human Health Crises 127 5.4 Conclusion 146 References 149 6 The Consumption of Wild Edible Plants 159 Ana Maria Carvalho and Ana Maria Barata 6.1 Wild Edible Plants 159 6.2 Foraging and Wild Edible Plant Resources 165 6.3 Wild Relatives of Crop Plants 177 6.4 Enhancing Biodiversity and Plant Genetic Resources Conservation 181 6.5 Culturally Significant Wild Edible Plants 185 6.6 Conclusion 187 References 188 7 Wild Greens as Source of Nutritive and Bioactive Compounds Over the World 199 Patricia Morales, Patricia Garca Herrera, Maria Cruz Matallana Gonzlez, Montaa Cmara Hurtado, and Maria de Cortes Snchez Mata 7.1 Introduction 199 7.2 Wild Greens as a Source of Nutritive and Bioactive Compounds in Different Geographical Areas 200 7.3 Implications of Wild Greens Consumption for Human Health: Safely Gathering Wild Edible Plants 243 7.4 Conclusion 248 References 249 8 Nutrients and Bioactive Compounds in Wild Fruits Through Different Continents 263 Virginia FernndezRuiz, Patricia Morales, Brgida Mara RuizRodrguez, and Esperanza Torija Isasa 8.1 Introduction 263 8.2 African Wild Fruits as a Source of Nutrients and Bioactive Compounds 264 8.3 American Wild Fruits as a Source of Nutrients and Bioactive Compounds 273 8.4 Asian Wild Fruits as a Source of Nutrients and Bioactive Compounds 287 8.5 European Wild Fruits as a Source of Nutrients and Bioactive Compounds 291 8.6 Conclusion 306 References 306 9 Wild PlantBased Functional Foods, Drugs, and Nutraceuticals 315 Jos Pinela, Mrcio Carocho, Maria Ins Dias, Cristina Caleja, Lillian Barros, and Isabel C. F. R. Ferreira 9.1 Introduction 315 9.2 Wild Plants and Functional Foods 316 9.3 Wild PlantBased Nutraceuticals 326 9.4 Wild PlantBased Drugs 335 9.5 Conclusion 341 References 342 10 Nuts: Agricultural and Economic Importance Worldwide 353 Albino