Mohammed Elsayed Shokr is a research scientist in Science and Technology Branch at Environment Canada. He is also affiliated with IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Society (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) and the CASI Canadian Remote Sensing Society (Canadian Aeronautics and Space Institute). His research interests include studying sea ice physical and electrical properties which have greater implications in operational monitoring and climate studies. He also uses remote sensing techniques for sea ice modelling. Nirmal Sinha is an Engineer at the NRC Institute for Aerospace Research in Ottawa, Ontario. His research focuses on high temperature materials, like ceramics and advanced alloys that are used inside jet engines or gas turbine engines. This involves applying theories and experimental techniques about how snow and ice behaves around its melting point, to aerospace materials such as titanium-based and nickel-based 'superalloys'.
TABLE OF CONTENTS AKNOWLEDGMENT PREFACE CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background 1.2 Historical synopsis: Canada and the Arctic 1.3 The fascinating nature of sea ice 1.4 Sea ice in research and operational disciplines 1.4.1 Sea ice in marine navigation 1.4.2 Sea ice in physics 1.4.3 Sea ice in climatology 1.4.4 Sea ice in meteorology 1.4.5 Sea ice in oceanography 1.4.6 Sea ice in marine biology 1.4.7 1.4.7 Sea ice and offshore structures 1.4.8 Sea ice for Search & Rescue and transportation 1.5 Sea ice and remote sensing 1.6 About the book and its organization CHAPTER 2: ICE PHYSICS AND PHYSICAL PROCESSES 2.1 Initial Ice Formation 2.1.1 Relevant sea water properties 2.1.2 Sea water freezing mechanism 2.1.3 Initial ice crystals and frazil ice 2.2 Ice Growth 2.2.1 Lateral ice growth 2.2.2 Vertical ice growth 2.2.3 Superimposed ice 2.2.4 Thermodynamic Ice growth 2.2.4.1 Modelling ice growth 2.2.4.2 Effect of Snow cover 2.2.4.3 Effect of oceanic heat flux 2.2.4.4 Effect of ice surface ablation 2.3 Inclusions in Ice 2.3.1 Compositional (constitutional) supercooling and brine pocket formation 2.3.2 Dentritic interface of sea ice 2.3.3 Salinity loss during ice growth 2.3.3.1 Initial rapid salt rejection at the ice-water interface 2.3.3.2 Subsequent slow salt rejection from the bulk ice 2.4 Ice Deformation 2.5 Ice Decay and Aging 2.6 Ice classes and regimes 2.6.1 Criteria of ice classification 2.6.2 Polynyas 2.6.3 Pancake ice regime 2.6.4 Ice edge and marginal ice zone 2.6.5 Ice of land origin CHAPTER 3: SEA ICE PROPERTIES: DATA AND DERIVATIONS 3.1 Temperature profiles in ice and snow 3.2 Bulk salinity and salinity profile 3.3 Density of first-year and multi-year ice 3.4 Volume fraction of sea ice constituents 3.5 Thermal properties 3.5.1 Thermal conductivity of sea ice 3.5.2 Thermal conductivity of snow 3.5.3 Specific heat of sea ice 3.5.4 Latent heat of fusion 3.6 Dielectric properties 3.6.1 Dielectric constant of brine 3.6.2 Dielectric mixing models 3.6.3 Field measurements of dielectric constant CHAPTER 4: POLYCRYSTALLINE ICE STRUCTURE 4.1 Terms and definitions relevant to polycrystalline ice 4.1.1 Special thermal state of natural ice 4.1.2 General terms for structural aspects of ice 4.1.3 Basic terms and definitions 4.2 Morphology of ice 4.2.1 Form of ice crystals 4.2.2 Miller Indices for hexagonal ice 4.2.3 Growth direction of ice crystals 4.2.4 Ice density in relation to crystalline structure 4.3 Structure- and Texture-based Classification of Natural Ice 4.3.1 Fresh-water ice classification of Michel and Ramseier 4.3.2 Extending crystallograph