Textile Finishing

Kashmiri Lal Mittal was employed by the IBM Corporation from 1972 through 1993 Currently, he is teaching and consulting worldwide in the broad areas of adhesion as well as surface cleaning. He has received numerous awards and honors including the title of doctor honoris causa from Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Lublin, Poland. He is the editor of more than 130 books dealing with adhesion measurement, adhesion of polymeric coatings, polymer surfaces, adhesive joints, adhesion promoters, thin films, polyimides, surface modification surface cleaning, and surfactants. Dr. Mittal is also the Founding Editor of the journal Reviews of Adhesion and Adhesives. Thomas Bahners studied physics at the universities of Munster and RWTH Aachen from 1974 to 1981. He has been a research scientist at the Deutsches Textil-orschungszentrum Nord-West (DTNW), Krefeld from November 1982. In 1987 he obtained his PhD in physical chemistry at the University of Duisburg where he is now the Head of Department of Physical Technologies whose research focuses on soft matter material science, polymer physics, and surface design by means of physical technologies. He has supervised about 50 research projects funded by companies or national/European research programs, and published about 200 journal articles and book chapters.

Preface xv Part 1 Recent Developments and Current Challenges in Textile Finishing 1 Recent Concepts of Antimicrobial Textile Finishes 3 Barbara Simoncic and Brigita Tomsic 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Antimicrobial Agents 5 1.2.1 Mechanisms of Antimicrobial Activity 6 1.2.2 Structures of Antimicrobial Agents 7 1.2.2.1 Leaching Antimicrobial Agents 7 1.2.2.2 Bound Antimicrobial Agents 17 1.3 Low Adhesion Agents 21 1.4 Dual-Action Antimicrobial Agents 24 1.5 Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activity of Functionalized Textiles 29 1.5.1 Standardized Methods for the Determination of Antibacterial Activity 31 1.5.2 Standardized Methods for the Determination of Antifungal Activity 35 1.6 Health and Environmental Issues 39 1.6.1 Health and Environmental Impacts of Antimicrobial Compounds 41 1.7 Future Trends 46 1.8 Summary 46 Acknowledgement 48 References 48 2 Flame Retardant Textile Finishes 69 A Richard Horrocks 2.1 Introduction 70 2.2 Current Commercial, Durable Flame Retardants: Advantages and Disadvantages 71 2.3 Current Challenges 78 2.3.1 Minimisation of Effluents 78 2.3.2 Replacing Formaldehyde Chemistry, Particularly with Respect to Cotton and Blended Fabrics 82 2.3.2.1 Oligomeric Phosphate-Phosphonate 83 2.3.2.2 Multifunctional Carboxylic Acids 83 2.3.2.3 Alkyl Phosphoramidate Adduct 86 2.3.2.4 Phosphonyl Cyanurates 87 2.3.2.5 Cellulose-Phosphoramidate Ester Interchange 88 2.3.2.6 Cellulose-Chloro Triazinyl Derivative Condensation 89 2.3.2.7 Phosphorus Acid Derivatives of Cellulose 90 2.3.2.8 Phosphorus-Nitrogen-Silicon Developments 91 2.3.2.9 Polymer Networks 92 2.3.2.10 Other Finishing Treatments 93 2.3.3 Replacing Bromine, Notably in Coating and Back-Coating Formulations 94 2.3.3.1 Reducing the BrFR Concentrations 95 2.3.3.2 Possible Bromine-Chlorine and Phosphorus-Bromine Synergies 96 2.3.3.3 Effectiveness of Phosphorus 97 2.3.3.4 The Sensitisation of Decomposition or Flame Retarding Efficiency of Phosphorus-Based Systems 99 2.3.3.5 The Introduction of a Volatile and Possible Vapour-Phase Active, Phosphorus-Based Flame Retardant Component 99 2.4 Novel Surface Chemistries 101 2.4.1 Sol-Gel Surface Treatments 103 2.4.2 Layer-by-Layer Treatments 107 2.4.3 Polymer Coating and UV and Plasma Grafting Treatments 111 2.4.3.1 Plasma Treatments 112 2.4.3.2 UV and Other Grafting Treatments 116 2.5 Summary 117 References 117 Bibliography 127 3 Striving for Self-Cleaning Textiles - Critical Thoughts on Current Literature 129 Thomas Bahners and Kash Mittal 3.1 Introduction 130 3.2 Fundamental Principles 133 3.2.1 Self-Cleaning - The Super-Hydrophobic Approach 133 3.2.2 Self-Cleaning - The Super-Hydrophilic Approach 136 3.2.3 Expected Merits of the Concepts 138 3.3 Attempts to Attain Super-Hydrophobic Behavior 140 3.3.1 Minimized Surface Free Energy 140 3.3.1.1 Novel Chemical Finishes of Non-Polar Character 141 3.3.1.2 Deposition of Non-Polar Thin Layers by Plasma and Dielectric Barrier Discharge (DBD) 142 3.3.1.3 Deposition of Non-Polar Thin Layers by Photo-Chemical Surface Modification 145 3.3.2 Enhancing Liquid Repellence by Adding Surface Roughness 147 3.3.2.1 Application of Micro- and Nano-Rough (Hybrid) Coatings 147 3.3.2.2 Incorporation of Micro- and Nanoparticles 149 3.3.2.3 Laser-Based Surface Roughening 151 3.4 Attempts to Attain Super-Hydrophilic Properties 153 3.4.1 Use of Photo-Catalytic TiO2 153 3.4.2 Making Use of Micro-Roughness According to the Wenzel Model 155 3.5 Relevance for Dirt Take-Up, Cleanability, and Self-Cleaning 156 3.6 Summary 160 References 162 4 Metallization of Polymers and Textiles 171 Piotr Rytlewski, Krzysztof Moraczewski and Bartlomiej Jagodzinski 4.1 Introduction 171 4.2 Main Methods of Metallization 173 4.2.1 Methods Based on Physical Vapor Deposition 173 4.2.2 Chemical Vapor Deposition Methods 178 4.3 Electroless Metallization 184 4.4 Summary 198 Refer