Fiber Optic and Atmospheric Optical Communication

NATHAN BLAUNSTEIN is Professor Emeritus in the Department of Communication System Engineering at Ben Gurion University of the Negev.?? SHLOMO ENGELBERG is a Professor at the Jerusalem College of Technology and is the Dean of its School of Engineering and Computer Science. EVGENII KROUK is Professor at the Tikhonov Moscow Institute of Electronics and Mathematics at the National Research University Higher School of Economics, Russia. MIKHAIL SERGEEV is Professor in the Department of Computer Systems and Networks at the St. Petersburg State University of Airspace Instrumentation, Russia.

Preface xi Acknowledgments xv Abbreviations xvii Nomenclature xix Part I Optical Communication Link Fundamentals 1 1 Basic Elements of Optical Communication 3 1.1 Spectrum of Optical Waves 3 1.2 Optical Communication in Historical Perspective 4 1.3 Optical Communication Link Presentation 5 References 8 2 Optical Wave Propagation 11 2.1 Similarity of Optical and Radio Waves 11 2.2 Electromagnetic Aspects of Optical Wave Propagation 13 2.3 Propagation of Optical Waves in Free Space 16 2.4 Propagation of Optical Waves Through the Boundary of Two Media 16 2.4.1 Boundary Conditions 16 2.4.2 Main Formulations of Reflection and Refraction Coefficients 17 2.5 Total Intrinsic Reflection in Optics 20 2.6 Propagation of Optical Waves in Material Media 23 2.6.1 Imperfect Dielectric Medium 25 2.6.2 Good Conductor Medium 25 Problems 25 References 28 Part II Fundamentals of Optical Communication 29 3 Types of Signals in Optical Communication Channels 31 3.1 Types of Optical Signals 31 3.1.1 Narrowband Optical Signals 31 3.1.2 Wideband Optical Signals 34 3.2 Mathematical Description of Narrowband Signals 35 3.3 Mathematical Description of Wideband Signals 39 References 41 4 An Introduction to the Principles of Coding and Decoding of Discrete Signals 43 4.1 Basic Concepts of Coding and Decoding 43 4.1.1 General Communication Scheme 43 4.1.2 The Binary Symmetric Channel (BSC) 45 4.1.3 Channel Model with AWGN 46 4.2 Basic Aspects of Coding and Decoding 47 4.2.1 Criteria of Coding 47 4.2.2 Code Parameters for Error Correction 50 4.2.3 Linear Codes 51 4.2.4 Estimation of Error Probability of Decoding 54 4.3 Codes with Algebraic Decoding 56 4.3.1 Cyclic Codes 56 4.3.2 BCH Codes 57 4.3.3 Reed-Solomon Codes 59 4.4 Decoding of Cyclic Codes 60 References 63 5 Coding in Optical Communication Channels 67 5.1 Peculiarities of Cyclic Codes in Communication Systems 67 5.2 Codes with Low Density of Parity Checks 68 5.2.1 Basic Definitions 68 5.2.2 Decoding of LDPC Codes 72 5.2.3 Construction of Irregular LDPC Codes 73 5.2.4 Construction of Regular LDPC Codes 74 5.3 Methods of Combining Codes 76 5.4 Coding in Optical Channels 79 References 83 6 Fading in Optical Communication Channels 87 6.1 Parameters of Fading in Optical Communication Channel 87 6.1.1 Time Dispersion Parameters 88 6.1.2 Coherence Bandwidth 89 6.1.3 Doppler Spread and Coherence Time 89 6.2 Types of Small-Scale Fading 91 6.3 Mathematical Description of Fast Fading 93 6.3.1 Rayleigh PDF and CDF 94 6.3.2 Ricean PDF and CDF 96 6.3.2.1 Gamma-Gamma Distribution 99 6.4 Mathematical Description of Large-Scale Fading 100 6.4.1 Gaussian PDF and CDF 101 References 102 7 Modulation of Signals in Optical Communication Links 103 7.1 Analog Modulation 104 7.1.1 Analog Amplitude Modulation 104 7.1.2 Analog Angle Modulation - Frequency and Phase 106 7.1.2.1 Phase Modulation 107 7.1.3 Spectra and Bandwidth of FM or PM Signals 107 7.1.4 Relations Between SNR and Bandwidth in AM and FM Signals 108 7.2 Digital Signal Modulation 109 7.2.1 Main Characteristics of Digital Modulation 110 7.2.1.1 Power Efficiency and Bandwidth Efficiency 110 7.2.1.2 Bandwidth and Power Spectral Density of Digital Signals 111 7.2.2 Linear Digital Modulation 112 7.2.2.1 Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) Modulation 112 7.2.2.2 Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) Modulation 113 7.2.2.3 Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) Modulation 114 7.2.3 Nonlinear Digital Modulation 114 7.2.3.1 Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) Modulation 114 Problems 115 References 115 8 Optical Sources and Detectors 117 8.1 Emission and Absorption of Optical Waves 117 8.2 Operational Characteristics of Laser 119 8.3 Light-Emitting Sources and Detectors 122 8.3.1 Light-Emitting p-n Type Diode 122 8.3.2 Laser p-n Type Diode 124 8.3.3 Photodiode 125 8.3.4 PiN and p-n Photodiodes - Principle