Design, Manufacture, Test, and Selection
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Köp båda 2 för 1918 krSAN KYEONG is a staff engineer at the R&D headquarters of Samsung Electro-Mechanics Company, currently working as a Research Scientist with the Center for Advanced Life Cycle Engineering (CALCE), University of Maryland, USA. He received a BE degree and PhD in chemical and biological engineering from the Seoul National University of Seoul, South Korea, in 2010 and 2016, respectively. He has expertise in material engineering for passive electronic components. MICHAEL G. PECHT, PHD, is Chair Professor and Director of the Center for Advanced Life Cycle Engineering (CALCE) at the University of Maryland, USA. He received his PhD in Engineering Mechanics from the University of Wisconsin at Madison, USA. He is an IEEE, ASME, SAE, and IMAPS Fellow.
About the Editors xiii List of Contributors xv Preface xvii 1 What Is an Electrical Connector? 1 Michael G. Pecht and San Kyeong 1.1 Challenges of Separable Connectors 1 1.2 Components of a Connector 2 1.2.1 Contact Springs 2 1.2.2 Contact Finishes 3 1.2.2.1 Noble Metal Contact Finishes 4 1.2.2.2 Non-noble Metal Contact Finishes 4 1.2.3 Connector Housing 4 1.2.4 Contact Interface 5 1.3 Connector Types 6 1.3.1 Board-to-Board Connectors 7 1.3.2 Wire/Cable-to-Wire/Cable Connectors 8 1.3.3 Wire/Cable-to-Board Connectors 10 1.4 Connector Terminology 11 References 14 2 Connector Housing 17 Michael G. Pecht 2.1 Mechanical Properties 17 2.2 Electrical Properties 19 2.3 Flammability 21 2.4 Temperature Rating 22 2.5 Housing Materials 23 2.5.1 Thermoplastic Polymers 25 2.5.1.1 Polyesters 25 2.5.1.2 Polyimides, Polyamide-imides, and Polyetherimides 26 2.5.1.3 Polyphenylene Sulfides 26 2.5.1.4 Polyether Ether Ketones 26 2.5.1.5 Liquid-Crystalline Polymers 27 2.5.1.6 Comparison ofThermoplastic Polymers 27 2.5.2 Thermosetting Polymers 27 2.5.3 Additives to Housing Materials 29 2.5.4 Manufacturing of Housing Materials 29 References 30 3 Contact Spring 31 Michael G. Pecht 3.1 Copper Alloys 31 3.1.1 Unified Number System (UNS) 31 3.1.2 Properties of Copper Alloys 33 3.2 Nickel Alloys 37 3.3 Conductive Elastomers 37 3.4 Contact Manufacturing 38 References 41 4 Contact Plating 43 Michael G. Pecht 4.1 Noble Metal Plating 43 4.1.1 Gold 44 4.1.2 Palladium 46 4.1.3 Combination of Gold and Palladium 47 4.2 Non-noble Metal Plating 47 4.2.1 Silver 48 4.2.1.1 Characteristics of Silver as a Contact Finish 49 4.2.1.2 Potential Tarnish-Accelerating Factors 50 4.2.1.3 Use of Silver in Typical Connectors 53 4.2.1.4 Managing Silver Corrosion 54 4.2.2 Silver-Palladium Alloys 55 4.2.3 Nanocrystalline Silver Alloys 55 4.2.4 Silver-Bismuth Alloys 57 4.2.5 Tin 57 4.2.6 Nickel Contact Finishes 59 4.3 Underplating 59 4.4 Plating Process 60 4.4.1 Electrolytic Plating 61 4.4.1.1 Rack Plating 61 4.4.1.2 Barrel Plating 61 4.4.2 Electroless Plating 62 4.4.3 Cladding 63 4.4.4 Hot Dipping 63 References 63 5 Insertion and Extraction Forces 67 Michael G. Pecht 5.1 Insertion and Extraction Forces 67 5.2 Contact Retention 70 5.3 Contact Force and Deflection 70 5.4 Contact Wipe 71 References 73 6 Contact Interface 75 Michael G. Pecht and San Kyeong 6.1 Constriction Resistance 76 6.2 Contact Resistance 77 6.3 Other Factors Affecting Contact Resistance 79 6.4 Current Rating 81 6.5 Capacitance and Inductance 82 6.6 Bandpass and Bandwidth 86 References 87 7 The Back-End Connection 89 Chien-Ming Huang, San Kyeong and Michael G. Pecht 7.1 Soldered Connection 89 7.2 Press-Fit Connection 93 7.3 Crimping Connection 95 7.4 Insulation Displacement Connection 98 References 98 8 Loads and Failure Mechanisms 103 San Kyeong, Lovlesh Kaushik and Michael G. Pecht 8.1 Environmental Loads 104 8.1.1 Temperature 104 8.1.2 Vibration Load 105 8.1.3 Humidity 106 8.1.4 Contamination 107 8.1.5 Differential Pressure 108 8.2 Failure Mechanisms in Electrical Connectors 109 8.2.1 Silver Migration 110 8.2.2 Tin Whiskers 114 8.2.3 Corrosion Failure 119 8.2.3.1 Dry Corrosion 119 8.2.3.2 Galvanic Corrosion 120 8.2.3.3 Pore Corrosion 121 8.2.3.4 Creep Corrosion 121 8.2.3.5 Fretting Corrosion 123 8.2.4 Arc Formation 124 8.2.5 Creep Failure 128 8.2.6 Wear 131 8.2.6.1 Adhesive Wear 132 8.2.6.2 Abrasive Wear 133 8.2.6.3 Fatigue Wear 134 8.2.6.4 Corrosive Wear 134 8.2.6.5 Fretting Wear 135 8.2.7 Frictional Polymerization 136 8.3 Case Study by NASA: Electrical Connectors for Spacecraft 137 References 139 9 Fretting in Connectors 147 Deepak Bondre and Michael G. Pecht 9.1 Mechanisms of Fretting Failure 149 9.1.1 Material Factors That Affect Fretting 152 9.1.1.1 Contact Materials 152 9.1