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Köp båda 2 för 2896 krFlame Retardant Polymer Nanocomposites takes a comprehensive look at polymer nanocomposites for flame retardancy applications and includes nanocomposite fundamentals (theory, design, synthesis, characterization) as well as polymer flammability fun...
Alexander B. Morgan, PhD has over twenty-five years of experience in the areas of materials flammability, polymeric material flame retardancy, fire science, fire testing, thermal decomposition chemistry, and fire safety engineering with an emphasis on chemical structure property relationships and fire safe material design. He has helped academic, government, and industrial customers solve their flame retardant and fire safety needs in a wide range of applications. Dr. Morgan is on the editorial review board for Fire and Materials, and is the Editor-in-Chief for the Journal of Fire Science. He is also a member of ASTM, Sigma Xi, International Association of Fire Safety Scientists, and the American Chemical Society.
Preface xiii 1 Regulations and Other Developments/Trends/Initiatives Driving Non-Halogenated Flame Retardant Use 1 Alexander B. Morgan 1.1 Regulatory History of Halogenated vs. Non-Halogenated Flame Retardants 1 1.2 Regulations of Fire Safety and Flame Retardant Chemicals 6 1.3 Current Regulations 8 1.3.1 International United Nations 8 1.3.2 United States (Federal vs. State) 9 1.3.3 Canada 10 1.3.4 European Union 10 1.3.5 Asia 11 1.3.6 China 11 1.3.7 Japan 12 1.3.8 Korea 12 1.3.9 Australia 13 1.4 Fire Safety and Non-Fire Safety Issues Requiring Non-Halogenated Flame Retardants 13 1.5 Regulatory Outlook and Future Market Drivers 16 References 17 2 Phosphorus-Based Flame Retardants 23 Sergei Levchik 2.1 Introduction 24 2.2 Main Classes of Phosphorus-Based Flame Retardants 25 2.3 Red Phosphorus 26 2.4 Ammonium and Amine Phosphates 29 2.5 Metal Hypophosphites, Phosphites and Dialkyl Phosphinates 36 2.6 Aliphatic Phosphates and Phosphonates 40 2.7 Aromatic Phosphates and Phosphonates 48 2.8 Aromatic Phosphinates 58 2.9 Phosphine Oxides 62 2.10 Phosphazenes 64 2.11 Environmental Fate and Exposure to Organophosphorus FRs 65 2.12 Conclusions and Further Trends 67 References 68 3 Mineral Filler Flame Retardants 101 Reiner Sauerwein 3.1 Introduction 101 3.2 Industrial Importance of Mineral Flame Retardants 102 3.2.1 Market Share of Mineral FRs 103 3.2.2 Synthetic Mineral FRs within the Industrial Chemical Process Chain 104 3.2.3 Natural Mineral FRs 106 3.3 Overview of Mineral Filler FRs 107 3.3.1 Mineral Filler Flame Retardants by Chemistry 107 3.3.2 Classification by Production Process 109 3.3.2.1 Crushing and Grinding 109 3.3.2.2 Air Classification 110 3.3.2.3 Precipitation and Their Synthetic Processes 110 3.3.2.4 Surface Treatment 113 3.3.3 Physical Characterisation of Mineral FRs 114 3.3.3.1 Particle Shape/Morphology/Aspect Ratio 115 3.3.3.2 Particle Size Distribution 116 3.3.3.3 Sieve Residue 117 3.3.3.4 BET Surface Area 118 3.3.3.5 Oil Absorption 118 3.3.3.6 pH-Value/Specific Conductivity 119 3.3.3.7 Bulk Density and Powder Flowability 120 3.3.3.8 Thermal Stability/Loss on Ignition/Endothermic Heat 122 3.3.4 General Impact of Mineral FRs on Polymer Material Properties 123 3.3.4.1 Optical Properties 123 3.3.4.2 Mechanical Properties 123 3.3.4.3 Water Uptake and Chemical Resistance 124 3.3.4.4 Thermal Properties 126 3.3.4.5 Electrical Properties 127 3.3.4.6 Rheological Properties 128 3.4 Working Principle of Hydrated Mineral Flame Retardants 128 3.4.1 Filler Loading, Flammability and Flame Propagation 130 3.4.2 Smoke Suppression 132 3.4.3 Heat Release 134 3.5 Thermoplastic and Elastomeric Applications 136 3.5.1 Compounding Technology 136 3.5.2 Compound Formulation Principals 138 3.5.3 Wire & Cable 140 3.5.4 Other Construction Products 147 3.5.5 Special Applications 150 3.5.6 Engineering Plastics for E&E Applications 152 3.6 Reactive Resins/Thermoset Applications 154 3.6.1 Production Processes for Glass Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composite 156 3.6.1.1 Paste Production 156 3.6.1.2 Hand Lamination/Hand-Lay-Up 157 3.6.1.3 SMC and BMC 157 3.6.1.4 Pultrusion 158 3.6.1.5 RTM/RIM 158 3.6.2 Formulation Principles 159 3.6.3 Public Transport Applications of GFRP 160 3.6.4 E&E Applications 161 3.6.5 Construction and Industrial Applications 163 3.7 Conclusion, Trends and Challenges 164 References 165 4 Intumescence-Based Flame Retardant 169 Serge Bourbigot 4.1 Introduction 169 4.2 Fundamentals of Intumescence 172 4.3 Intumescence on the Market 179 4.4 Reaction to Fire of Intumescent Materials 180 4.5 Resistance to Fire of Intumescent Materials 204 4.6 Conclusion and Future Trends 224 References 225 5 Nitrogen-Based Flame Retardants 239 Alexander B. Morgan and Martin Klatt 5.1 Introduction 239 5.2 Main Types of Nitrogen-Based Flame Retardants 24