Higher Cortical Functions in Man

I The Higher Mental Functions and Their Organization in the Brain.- 1. The Problem of Localization of Functions in the Cerebral Cortex.- A. Psychomorphological Concepts and Their Crisis-A Historical Survey.- B. Re-examination of the Concept of Function and of the Principles of Its Localization.- C. The Higher Mental Functions in Man.- 2. Modern Data on the Structural Organization of the Cerebral Cortex.- A. Original Conceptions.- B. Structural Organization of the Posterior Cortical Divisions.- C. Structural Organization of the Anterior Cortical Divisions.- D. Progressive Differentiation of the Cortical Regions and Fields in the Course of Phylogenesis and Ontogenesis.- E. Structural Organization and Connections of the Mediobasal Cortical Divisions.- F. Functional Properties of Cortical Neurons.- 3. Disturbances of Higher Mental Functions in the Presence of Local Brain Lesions.- II Disturbances of the Higher Cortical Functions in the Presence of Local Brain Lesions.- 1. Some Functional Investigative Problems.- A. Principal Forms of Disturbance of the Higher Cortical Functions Resulting from Local Brain Lesions.- B. The Problem of the Dominant Hemisphere.- C. General Cerebral Components in Cases of Local Brain Lesions.- 2. Disturbances of Higher Cortical Functions with Lesions of the Temporal Region.- A. Historical Survey.- B. The Auditory Analyzer and the Structure of the Auditory Cortex.- C. Language Sounds and the Hearing of Speech.- D. Disturbances of Higher Cortical Functions with Lesions of the Cortical Nucleus of the Auditory Analyzer. Acoustic Agnosia and Sensory Aphasia.- E. Disturbances of Higher Cortical Functions with Lesions of the Middle Segments of the Temporal Region. Acoustic-Mnestic Aphasia.- F. Disturbances of Intellectual Processes with Temporal Lesions.- G. Disturbances of Psychological Processes in Lesions of the Medial Zones of the Temporal Regions.- 3. Disturbances of Higher Cortical Functions with Lesions of the Occipital and Occipitoparietal Regions.- A. Historical Survey.- B. The Visual Analyzer and the Structure of the Visual Cortex.- C. Disturbed Object Perception with Lesions of the Visual Cortex and Concurrent Agnosia.- D. Disturbed Tactile Perception and Tactile Agnosia.- E. Spatial Disorientation and Constructive Apractagnosia.- F. Disturbed Logical-Grammatical Operations and Semantic Aphasia.- G. Disturbances of Arithmetical Operations and the Syndrome of Acalculia.- H. Disturbances of Intellectual Processes.- 4. Disturbances of Higher Cortical Functions with Lesions of the Sensorimotor Regions.- A. Historical Survey.- B. The Motor Analyzer and the Structure of the Sensorimotor Region.- C. Disturbances of the Afferent Basis of Voluntary Movement. Afferent (Kinesthetic) Apraxia.- D. Disturbances of the Kinesthetic Basis of Speech. Afferent (Kinesthetic) Motor Aphasia.- E. Disturbances of Motor Functions with Lesions of the Pre-motor Region.- F. Disturbances of the Kinetic Structure of Speech. Efferent (Kinetic) Motor Aphasia.- G. Frontal "Dynamic" Aphasia.- H. Disturbances of Intellectual Processes with Lesions of the Premotor Region.- 5. Disturbances of Higher Cortical Functions with Lesions of the Frontal Region.- A. Historical Survey.- B. Structure and Functions.- C. The Frontal Lobes and Regulation of States of Activity.- D. The Frontal Lobes and Regulation of Movements and Actions.- E. Gnostic Disturbances.- F. Mnestic Disturbances.- G. Intellectual Disturbances.- H. Principal Variants of the Frontal Syndrome.- 6. Disturbances of Higher Cortical Functions in Deep Brain Lesions.- 7. On Function Interaction Between the Hemispheres.- III Methods of Investigating the Higher Cortical Functions in Local Brain Lesions (Syndrome Analysis).- 1. Objectives of Neuropsychological Investigation of Higher Cortical Functions in the Presence of Local Brain Lesions.- 2. The Preliminary Conversation.- 3. Investigation of Motor Functions.- A. Preliminary Remarks.- B. Investigation of the Motor Functio