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W. Larry Kenney, PhD, is the Marie Underhill Noll Chair in Human Performance and a professor of physiology and kinesiology at Pennsylvania State University at University Park. He received his PhD in physiology from Penn State in 1983. Working at Noll Laboratory, Kenney is researching the effects of aging and disease states such as hypertension on the control of blood flow to human skin and has been continuously funded by NIH since 1983. He also studies the effects of heat, cold, and dehydration on various aspects of health, exercise, and athletic performance as well as the biophysics of heat exchange between humans and the environment. He is the author of more than 200 papers, books, book chapters, and other publications. Kenney was president of the American College of Sports Medicine from 2003 to 2004. He is a fellow of the American College of Sports Medicine and is active in the American Physiological Society. For his service to the university and his field, Kenney was awarded Penn State University's Faculty Scholar Medal, the Evan G. and Helen G. Pattishall Distinguished Research Achievement Award, and the Pauline Schmitt Russell Distinguished Research Career Award. He was awarded the American College of Sports Medicine's New Investigator Award in 1987 and the Citation Award in 2008. Kenney has been a member of the editorial and advisory boards for several journals, including Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, Current Sports Medicine Reports (inaugural board member), Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews, Journal of Applied Physiology, Human Performance, Fitness Management, and ACSM's Health & Fitness Journal (inaugural board member). He is also an active grant reviewer for the National Institutes of Health and many other organizations. He and his wife, Patti, have three children, all of whom are or were Division 1 college athletes. Jack H. Wilmore, PhD, retired in 2003 from Texas A&M University as a distinguished professor in the department of health and kinesiology. From 1985 to 1997, Wilmore was chair of the department of kinesiology and health education and the Margie Gurley Seay endowed centennial professor at the University of Texas at Austin. Before that, he served on the faculties at the University of Arizona, the University of California, and Ithaca College. Wilmore earned his PhD in physical education from the University of Oregon in 1966. Wilmore published 53 chapters, more than 320 peer-reviewed research papers, and 15 books on exercise physiology. He was one of five principal investigators for the HERITAGE Family Study, a large multicenter clinical trial investigating the possible genetic basis for the variability in the responses of physiological measures and risk factors for cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes to endurance exercise training. Wilmore's research interests included determining the role of exercise in the prevention and control of both obesity and coronary heart disease, determining the mechanisms accounting for alterations in physiological function with training and detraining, and factors limiting the performance of elite athletes. A former president of the American College of Sports Medicine, Wilmore received the American College of Sports Medicine's Honor Award in 2006. In addition to serving as chair for many ACSM organizational committees, Wilmore was on the United States Olympic Committee's Sports Medicine Council and chaired their Research Committee. He was a member of the American Physiological Society and a fellow and former president of the American Academy of Kinesiology and Physical Education. Wilmore consulted for several professional sport teams, the California Highway Patrol, the President's Council on Physical Fitness and Sports, NASA, and the U.S. Air Force. He also served on editorial boards of several journals. Wilmore passed away during the preparation of the sixth edition of this text. David L. Costill, PhD, is the Emeritus John and Jan
Introduction. An Introduction to Exercise and Sport Physiology Focus of Exercise and Sport Physiology Acute and Chronic Responses to Exercise The Evolution of Exercise Physiology Exercise Physiology in the 21st Century Research: The Foundation for Understanding Part I. Exercising Muscle Chapter 1. Structure and Function of Exercising Muscle Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle Muscle Fiber Contraction Muscle Fiber Types Skeletal Muscle and Exercise Chapter 2. Fuel for Exercise: Bioenergetics and Muscle Metabolism Energy Substrates Controlling the Rate of Energy Production Storing Energy: High-Energy Phosphates The Basic Energy Systems Interaction of the Energy Systems The Crossover Concept The Oxidative Capacity of Muscle Chapter 3. Neural Control of Exercising Muscle Structure and Function of the Nervous System Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System Sensory-Motor Integration Chapter 4. Hormonal Control During Exercise The Endocrine System Endocrine Glands and Their Hormones: An Overview Hormonal Regulation of Metabolism During Exercise Hormonal Regulation of Fluid and Electrolytes During Exercise Hormonal Regulation of Caloric Intake Chapter 5. Energy Expenditure, Fatigue, and Muscle Soreness Measuring Energy Expenditure Energy Expenditure at Rest and During Exercise Fatigue and Its Causes Critical Power: The Link Between Energy Expenditure and Fatigue Muscle Soreness and Muscle Cramps Part II. Cardiovascular and Respiratory Function Chapter 6. The Cardiovascular System and Its Control The Heart Vascular System Blood Chapter 7. The Respiratory System and Its Regulation Pulmonary Ventilation Pulmonary Volumes Pulmonary Diffusion Transport of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide in the Blood Gas Exchange at the Muscles Regulation of Pulmonary Ventilation Afferent Feedback From Exercising Limbs Chapter 8. Cardiorespiratory Responses to Acute Exercise Cardiovascular Responses to Acute Exercise Respiratory Responses to Acute Exercise Part III. Exercise Training Chapter 9. Principles of Exercise Training Terminology General Principles of Training Resistance Training Programs Anaerobic and Aerobic Power Training Programs Chapter 10. Adaptations to Resistance Training Resistance Training and Gains in Muscular Fitness Mechanisms of Gains in Muscle Strength Interaction Between Resistance Training and Diet Resistance Training for Special Populations Chapter 11. Adaptations to Aerobic and Anaerobic Training Adaptations to Aerobic Training Adaptations to Anaerobic Training Adaptations to High-Intensity Interval Training Specificity of Training and Cross-Training Part IV. Environmental Influences on Performance Chapter 12. Exercise in Hot and Cold Environments Body Temperature Regulation Physiological Responses to Exercise in the Heat Health Risks During Exercise in the Heat Acclimation to Exercise in the Heat Exercise in the Cold Physiological Responses to Exercise in the Cold Health Risks During Exercise in the Cold Chapter 13. Exercise at Altitude Environmental Conditions at Altitude Physiological Responses to Acute Altitude Exposure Exercise and Sport Performance at Altitude Acclimation: Chronic Exposure to Altitude Altitude: Optimizing Training and Performance Health Risks of Acute Exposure to Altitude Part V. Optimizing Performance in Sport Chapter 14. Training for Sport Optimizing Training Periodization of Training Overtraining Tapering for Peak Performance Detraining Chapter 15. Body Composition and Nutrition for Sport Assessing Body Composition Body Composition, Weight, and Sport Performance Classification of Nutrients Water and Electrolyte Balance Nutrition and Athletic Performance Chapter 16. Ergogenic Aids in Sport Researching Ergogenic Aids Nutritional Ergogenic Aids Anti-Doping Codes and Drug Testing Prohibited Substances and Techniques Part VI. Age and Sex Considerations in Sport and Exercise Chapter 17. Children and Adolescents in S