Duties Across Borders

Brd A. Andreassen is Professor at the Norwegian Center for Human Rights and Director of Research (human rights and development) at the Law Faculty, University of Oslo.

C ONT E NT S Preface ...v List of Authors ...xv List of Figures and Tables ... xxi Introduction. Business' Duties Across Borders: The New Human Rights Frontier Bard A. Andreassen andVoKhanh Vinh ...1 1. Introduction ...1 2. Human Rights and Regulation Theory ...5 3. Human Rights Law and Business: Concepts, Principles and Challenges ..8 4. Conclusion ... 19 PART I. CULTURAL DEVELOPMENTS Chapter 1. Business and Human Rights, or the Business of Human Rights. Critical Reflections on Emerging Themes Surya Deva ... 23 1. The Business Case for Human Rights ... 24 2. Hazards in the SRSG's Work ... 27 3. Spineless States ... 32 4. Kiobel's Encounter with an Inconvenient Truth ... 35 5. Conclusion ... 38 Chapter 2. Corporate Liability for Human Rights. Effective Remedies or Ineffective Placebos? ItaiApter ... 39 1. Introduction ... 39 2. Litigation and Guidelines - a Critical Analysis ... 41 2.1. US Litigation against Corporations ... 42 2.1.1. Victims ... 44 2.1.2. Global Corporations ... 46 2.1.3. Forum Government... 46 2.1.4. Corporations' Home States ... 48 2.2. Litigation against Corporations in Non-US Courts ... 50 2.3. OECD Guidelines for Multinational Corporations... 51 3. United Nations Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights ... 56 4. Political Inter-State Solutions - Looking into the Past to Suggest a Way Forward ... 59 5. Concluding Remarks ... 65 Chapter 3. Ensuring the Protection of the Environment from Serious Damage. Towards a Model of Shared Responsibility between International Corporations and the States Concerned? Gentian Zyberi ... 67 1. Introduction ... 67 2. Addressing Environmental Damage from Nuclear Accidents ... 71 3. Addressing Environmental Damage from Oil Pollution ... 72 4. Ensuring Responsibility for Serious Environmental Damage ... 73 4.1. The Responsibility of Transnational Corporations ... 73 4.2. Host State Responsibility ... 78 4.3. Home State Responsibility ... 83 4.4. Environmental Protection as a Matter of Shared Responsibility among the Corporation, the Host State and the Home State ... 84 5. The Complexity of Attribution of Responsibility and Adjudication of Cases of Serious Environmental Damage ... 86 6. Concluding Remarks ... 89 Chapter 4. The Business Case for Taking Human Rights Obligations Seriously Guler Aras ... 91 1. Introduction ... 91 2. The Business Drivers for CSR... 93 2.1. Investor Relations and Access to Capital ... 94 2.2. Consumers ... 100 2.3. Employee Recruitment, Retention and Productivity ... 103 2.4. The Minimisation of Legal Risk ... 104 2.5. The 'Licence to Operate' ... 105 3. Conclusions ... 106 Chapter 5. Corporate Accountability in the Field of Human Rights. On Soft Law Standards and the Use of Extraterritorial Measures Humberto Cantu Rivera ... 109 1. Introduction ... 109 2. Thinking Outside the Boundaries: Talking about Extraterritoriality ... 111 2.1. Some Comments regarding the US Supreme Court'sKiobel Opinion ... 112 2.2. Extraterritoriality in the Dutch Judicial System ... 121 3. Enhancing the Role of Soft Law: From Guidelines to Obligations? ... 125 3.1. The Classic Sources of International Law According to the ICJ Statute ... 125 3.2. A Permanent Call for 'Rethinking' the Sources of International Law: the Role of Soft Law ... 129 4. General Conclusions ... 133 Chapter 6. The Viability of the Maastricht Principles in Advancing Socio-Economic Rights in Developing Countries Ebenezer Durojaye ... 135 1. Introduction ... 135 2. Are MNCs Subject to International Human Rights Law? ... 136 3. Attempts at the National Level to Make MNCs Responsible for Human Rights Violations ... 142 4. How Relevant are the Maastricht Principles in Advancing Socio-Economic Rights? ... 146 5. Limitations of the Principles ... 151 6. Conclusion ... 152 PART II. CONTEXTUAL ISSUES Chapter 7. The Next Generation of 'Fair Trade'. A Human Rights Framework for Combating Corporate Corruption in Global Supply Chains HanaIvanhoe ... 157 1. Introduction ... 157 2. The Relationship between Co