Extended Confiscation in Criminal Law

Malin Thunberg Schunke is an Associate Professor in Criminal Law at the University of Uppsala. She holds an LLD in Criminal Law (Uppsala University) and an LLM in Criminology and Criminal Justice (King`s College, London). Her research interests lie in national and international criminal law particularly EU judicial cooperation in criminal matters and human rights. She has been an Apprentice Judge at Stockholm City Court and has been working several years as an Assistant Prosecutor at the Prosecuting Office Stockholm.

Preface - v Table of Cases - xiii List of Abbreviations - xix PART I. INTRODUCTION Chapter 1. Background and Scope of the Study - 3 1.1. Go for the Money!: The Development and Expansion of a New Law Enforcement Strategy - 3 1.2. International and National Legislative Action - 6 1.3. On the Subject Matter - 9 1.3.1. The Overriding Purpose of the Study - 9 1.3.2. The Different Stages of Confiscation - 10 1.3.3. A Note on Terminology - 12 1.4. The Perspectives of the Study and Delimitations - 15 1.4.1. National and International Perspectives - 15 1.4.2. Delimitations - 16 1.5. An Outline of the Different Parts and Chapters - 17 PART II. SUBSTANTIVE PROVISIONS ON EXTENDED CONFISCATION Chapter 2. Legislative Action by the EU - 25 2.1. FD 2005/212/JHA - 25 2.1.1. Introduction - 25 2.1.2. Extended Confiscation - 26 2.1.3. Third Party Confiscation and Rules on Procedural Rights - 28 2.2. Reviews of the European Confiscation Powers - 29 2.3. Directive 2014/42/EU - 33 2.3.1. The General Framework of the Directive - 33 2.3.2. The Provision on Ordinary Confiscation - 35 2.3.3. The Provision on Extended Confiscation - 37 2.3.4. Third Party Confiscation - 39 2.3.5. Procedural Safeguards - 39 Chapter 3. Legislation in England and Wales - 43 3.1. The Development of the Legislation on Extended Confiscation in England and Wales - 43 3.2. Overview of POCA 2002 - 45 3.3. Confiscation Orders Pursuant to Part 2 of POCA 2002 - 49 3.3.1. Introduction - 49 3.3.2. A Twin Track Confiscation System - 51 3.4. Criminal Lifestyle Confiscation - 53 3.4.1. Basic Requirements - 53 3.4.2. The Determination of Benefit in Criminal Lifestyle Cases - 54 3.4.2.1. The Statutory Assumptions - 54 3.4.2.2. The Burden and Standard of Proof - 57 3.4.2.3. Benefit and the Available Amount - 58 3.5. Some Special Features of the English Confiscation Procedure - 65 3.6. A Commentary on the English Confiscation Regime on Lifestyle Confiscation - 67 3.6.1. A Draconian but Efficient Confiscation Regime? - 67 3.6.2. The Classification of Defendants as Lifestyle Offenders - 70 3.6.3. The Assessment of Benefit on the Basis of the `Criminal Lifestyle' Assumptions - 71 3.6.4. Lack of Judicial Discretion - 74 3.6.5. The Burden of Proof on a Defendant - 76 3.6.6. Confiscation Orders and the ECHR - 78 3.6.6.1. Case-law from the ECtHR - 78 3.6.6.2. Confiscation Orders and the Human Rights Act 1998 - 85 3.6.6.3. Remarks on the Compatibility of the Regime with the ECHR - 86 3.6.7. Difficulties Regarding the Enforcement of Confiscation Orders - 87 Chapter 4. Legislation in Germany - 91 4.1. The Development of the Measure of Extended Confiscation in German Law - 91 4.2. Generally on the Confiscation Regime - 97 4.3. Extended Confiscation in German Law - 99 4.3.1. Basic Substantive Rules and the Procedural Framework - 99 4.3.2. The Triggering Offences and the Scope for Extended Confiscation - 102 4.3.3. The Evidentiary Standard for Extended Confiscation - 104 4.3.3.1. Legal Provision and the Legislative Works - 104 4.3.3.2. Decision by the Bundesgerichtshof in 1994 - 106 4.3.3.3. Decision by the Bundesverfassungsgericht in 2004 - 108 4.3.3.4. The Application of the Evidentiary Standard in Case-law - 110 4.4. A Commentary on the German Regime of Extended Confiscation - 113 4.4.1. A Complex and Partly Controversial Asset Recovery Regime - 113 4.4.2. The Interpretation and Application of the Evidentiary Standard - 114 4.4.3. The Present Scope of the Legislation - 117 4.4.4. The Proposal for a New German Provision on Extended Confiscation - 118 4.4.5. The Proposal for a New Form of Non-Conviction-Based Confiscation - 122 4.4.6. The Practice of Administrative "Praventive Gewinnabschoepfung" - 126 Chapter 5. Legislation in Sweden - 129 5.1. The Development of the Measure of Extended Confiscation in Swedish Law - 129 5.2. Generally on the Regime for Confiscation in Sweden - 131 5.3. The Provision on Extended Confiscation in Sw