War Crimes and the Conduct of Hostilities

'Although the public thinks of "war crimes" as a generic term covering all international prosecutions, offences concerning the conduct of hostilities have been largely overshadowed by cases dealing with the oppression of civilians, mainly under the rubric of crimes against humanity. With this excellent and accessible volume, we now have a substantial examination of the criminal law applicable to what was hitherto a somewhat neglected area. Recent judicial decisions indicate that the relevance of the subject seems destined to increase.' -- William Schabas, Middlesex University, UK 'This comprehensive collection addresses an overlooked area: war crimes and the conduct of hostilities. It uplifts aspects that are particularly under-appreciated, including cultural property, fact-finding, arms transfer, chemical weapons, sexual violence, and attacks on peacekeepers. Through rigorous analysis, elegant prose, original insights, and vivacious interconnections, this book enlivens the actual enforcement and application of international war crimes law. This book will serve as an indispensable tool for the many stakeholders invested in evenhanded, informed, and wise pursuit of post-conflict justice through a diverse array of mechanisms.' -- Mark A. Drumbl, Washington and Lee University, US

Edited by Fausto Pocar, Professor Emeritus of International Law, University of Milan, Italy and Judge, ICTY, ICTR and ICJ, Marco Pedrazzi, Professor of International Law, Department of International, Legal, Historical and Political Studies, University of Milan and Micaela Frulli, Professor of International Law, University of Florence, Italy

Contents: Preface PART I: SETTING THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK 1. The Criminalization of the Violations of International Humanitarian Law from Nuremberg to the Rome Statute Fausto Pocar 2. Serious Violations of the Law on the Conduct of Hostilities: A Neglected Class of War Crimes? Paola Gaeta 3. To What Extent do the International Rules on Human Rights Matter? Edoardo Greppi PART II: VIOLATIONS OF THE PRINCIPLES OF DISTINCTION, PROPORTIONALITY AND PRECAUTION 4. Direct Attacks on Civilians and Indiscriminate Attacks as War Crimes Francesco Moneta 5. The Criminalization and Prosecution of Attacks Against Cultural Property Andrea Carcano 6. Using Human Shields as a War Crime Marco Pedrazzi PART III: VIOLATIONS OF THE RULES PROTECTING PARTICULAR CATEGORIES OF PERSONS 7. The Enlistment, Conscription and Use of Child Soldiers as War Crimes Alberto Oddenino 8. Criminalizing Rape and Sexual Violence as Means of Warfare Ludovica Poli 9. The Crime of Attacking Peacekeepers Andrea Spagnolo PART IV: VIOLATIONS OF THE RULES ON MEANS OF WARFARE 10. The Use of Prohibited Weapons and War Crimes Andrea Cannone 11. New Weapons, Old Crimes? Marina Castellaneta 12. The Criminalization of the Use of Biological and Chemical Weapons Annita Larissa Sciacovelli 13. Arms Transfer and Complicity in War Crimes Antonio Leandro PART V: THE SPECIAL CASE OF TERRORISM IN ARMED CONFLICTS 14. International Terrorism, the Law of War and the Negotiation of a UN Comprehensive Convention Giuseppe Nesi 15. Terror and Terrorism in Armed Conflicts: Developments in International Criminal Law Julinda Beqiraj 16. Fighting Terror within the Law? Terrorism, Counterterrorism and Military Occupations Marco Pertile 17. The Relevance of International Humanitarian Law in National Case Law on Terrorism Antonino Ali PART VI: INVESTIGATIONS AND FACT FINDING: A(N) (IM)POSSIBLE MISSION? 18. The Challenges of Establishing the Facts in Relation to 'Hague Law' Violations Stephen Wilkinson 19. UN Fact-Finding Commissions and the Prosecution of War Crimes: An Evolution Towards Justice-Oriented Missions? Micaela Frulli 20. Fact-Finding by International Human Rights Institutions and Criminal Prosecution Simone Vezzani Index