Catalysis

Overall, this is a useful book for process chemists with the reservation that modern carbon-carbon bond forming catalytic reactions (Buchwald-Hartwig, Suzuki-Miyaura, Heck etc) are not covered. The emphasis is definitely towards heterogenous catalysis. (Organic Process Research & Development Journal, 1 November 2012)

Matthias Beller obtained his PhD at the University of Gottingen, Germany and completed a postdoctoral fellowship at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in Cambridge, USA. Since 1998, he has been head of the Leibniz Institute for Organic Catalysis at University of Rostock. He is a member of the board of Dechema's Catalysis Section, the German Catalysis Competence Network ('ConNeCat') as well as the Innovationsagentur Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. He is also a member of the Association for Technical Sciences of the Union of German Academies of Sciences and Humanities. Albert Renken obtained his academic degrees at the Technical University of Hanover, Germany. Professor Renken has been affiliated with ETH Lausanne, Switzerland since 1977. He is author of over 450 scientific publications in journals and author or editor of 5 books and of numerous patents. From 1992 to 2000, Albert Renken was science councillor of the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNF), and from 1996 to 2000 he served as chairman of the European Federation of Chemical Reaction Engineering Working Party. He is also member of the Swiss Academy of Engineering Sciences. Rutger Anthony van Santen obtained his doctorate at the University of Leiden, Netherlands. After an initial career at Shell Research in 1988, he joined Eindhoven University of Technology as a Professor of Catalysis. In 1991 he became director of the Netherlands Institute of Research in Catalysis, and in 2005 he was made Royal Netherlands Academy of Science and Arts Professor. He is a member of the Royal Dutch Academy of Arts and Sciences, Dutch Academy of Engineering and is a Knight in the order of the Dutch Lion. Professor van Santen is the author or editor of 13 books, over 700 research papers and 22 patents, and has been awarded several national and international awards and visiting professorships.

List of Contributors XVII Preface XXI Part I Basic Concepts 1 1 Catalysis in Perspective: Historic Review 3 Rutger van Santen 1.1 History of Catalysis Science 3 1.2 The Development of Catalytic Processes: History and Future 11 1.3 Fundamental Catalysis in Practice 13 1.4 Catalyst Selection 13 1.5 Reactor Choice 16 1.6 Process Choice 17 References 19 Further Reading 19 2 Kinetics of Heterogeneous Catalytic Reactions 20 Rutger van Santen 2.1 Physical chemical principles 20 2.2 The Lock and Key Model, the Role of Adsorption Entropy 27 2.3 Equivalence of Electrocatalysis and Chemocatalysis 30 2.4 Microkinetics; the Rate-Determining Step 32 2.5 Elementary Rate Constant Expressions for Surface Reactions 34 2.6 The Pressure Gap 36 2.7 The Materials Gap 39 2.8 Coupling of Catalytic Reaction and Inorganic Solid Chemistry 42 2.9 In situ Generation of Organo-Catalyst 42 2.10 The Compensation Effect 44 References 46 3 Kinetics in Homogeneous Catalysis 48 Detlef Heller 3.1 Principles of a Catalyst and Kinetic Description 48 3.2 Catalyst Activity 54 3.3 Catalyst Activation and Deactivation 58 References 64 4 Catalytic Reaction Engineering Principles 67 Albert Renken and Lioubov Kiwi-Minsker 4.1 Preface 67 4.2 Formal Kinetics of Catalytic Reactions 68 4.3 Mass and Heat Transfer Effects 77 4.4 Homogenous Catalysis in Biphasic Fluid/Fluid Systems 103 References 108 Part II The Chemistry of Catalytic Reactivity 111 5 Heterogeneous Catalysis 113 Rutger van Santen 5.1 General Introduction 113 5.2 Transition Metal Catalysis 114 5.3 Solid Acids and Bases 132 5.4 Reducible Oxides 143 References 150 6 Homogeneous Catalysis 152 Matthias Beller, Serafino Gladiali, and Detlef Heller 6.1 General Features 152 References 169 7 Biocatalysis 171 Uwe Bornscheuer 7.1 Introduction 171 7.2 Examples 176 7.3 Summary/Conclusions 194 References 194 8 Electrocatalysis 201 Timo Jacob 8.1 Introduction 201 8.2 Theory 203 8.3 Application to the Oxygen Reduction Reaction (ORR) on Pt(111) 207 8.4 Summary 212 References 213 9 Heterogeneous Photocatalysis 216 Guido Mul 9.1 Introduction 216 9.2 Applications of Photocatalysis 219 9.3 Case Studies 220 9.4 Concluding Remarks 228 References 228 Part III Industrial Catalytic Conversions 231 10 Carbonylation Reactions 233 Matthias Beller 10.1 General Aspects 233 10.2 Hydroformylation 234 10.3 Other Carbonylations of Olefins and Alkynes 238 10.4 Carbonylations of Alcohols and Aryl Halides 244 References 246 11 Biocatalytic Processes 250 Uwe Bornscheuer 11.1 Introduction 250 11.2 Examples 253 11.2.1 General Applications 253 11.3 Case Study: Synthesis of Lipitor Building Blocks 257 11.4 Conclusions 259 References 259 12 Polymerization 261 Vincenzo Busico 12.1 Introduction 261 12.2 Polyolefins in Brief 262 12.3 Olefin Polymerization Catalysts 264 12.4 Olefin Polymerization Process Technology 273 12.5 The Latest Breakthroughs 280 References 285 13 Ammonia Synthesis 289 Jens Rostrup-Nielsen 13.1 Ammonia Plant 289 13.2 Synthesis 291 13.3 Steam Reforming 295 13.4 Conclusions 299 Abbreviations 299 References 299 14 Fischer Tropsch Synthesis in a Modern Perspective 301 Hans Schulz 14.1 Introduction 301 14.2 Stoichiometry and Thermodynamic Aspects 304 14.3 Processes and Product Composition 308 14.4 Catalysts, General 311 14.5 Reaction Fundamentals 313 14.6 Concluding Remarks 323 References 323 15 Zeolite Catalysis 325 Rutger van Santen 15.1 Introduction 325 15.2 The Hydrocracking Reaction; Acid Catalysis 325 15.3 Lewis Acid Lewis Base Catalysis; Hydrocarbon Activation 332 15.4 Selective Oxidation; Redox Catalysis 333 1