Graphene

This book will be useful to students, teachers, and researchers in material science interested in learning about and taking part in the exciting developments based on graphene. (IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine, 1 January 2014)

C.N.R. Rao obtained his Ph.D. from Purdue University and D.Sc. from Mysore University as well as 53 honorary doctorate degrees from various universities. C.N.R. Rao is National Research Professor & Linus Pauling Research Professor at Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research and Honorary Professor at the Indian Institute of Science. His main research interests are in solid state and materials chemistry including nanomaterials. He is a member of numerous science academies worldwide and has received many national and international honors. In particular, he is the recipient of the Dan David Prize as well as the Illy Trieste Science Prize for Materials research besides the August von Wilhelm Hoffmann medal from the German Chemical Society. He has published over 1400 research papers and 45 books. A.K. Sood is Professor in the Department of Physics at the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore. He holds the prestigious Bhatnagar Chair of CSIR and is currently the President of the Indian Academy of Sciences. His research interests include physics of nano-systems like nanotubes and graphene and physics of soft condensed matter. He has published more than 300 papers in refereed international journals and holds a few international patents. His work has been recognized by way of many honors and awards. These include Fellowships of The Indian National Science Academy, The National Academy of Sciences, India and The World Academy of Sciences (TWAS), Shanti Swaroop Bhatnagar Prize and National Award in Nanoscience and Nanotechnology by The Department of Science and Technology of India.

PREFACE SYNTHESIS, CHARACTERIZATION, AND SELECTED PROPERTIES OF GRAPHENE Introduction Synthesis of Single-Layer and Few-Layered Graphenes Synthesis of Graphene Nanoribbons Selected Properties Inorganic Graphene Analogs UNDERSTANDING GRAPHENE VIA RAMAN SCATTERING Introduction Atomic Structure and Electronic Structure of Graphene Phonons and Raman Modes in Graphene Layer Dependence of Raman Spectra Phonon Renormalization Due to Electron and Hole Doping of Graphene Raman Spectroscopy of Graphene Edges and Graphene Nanoribbons Effect of Disorder on the Raman Spectrum of Graphene Raman Spectroscopy of Graphene under Strain Temperature and Pressure Dependence of Raman Modes in Graphene as Nanometrological Tools Tip-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy of Graphene Layers Conclusions PHYSICS OF QUANTA AND QUANTUM FIELDS IN GRAPHENE Introduction Dirac Theory in 3 + 1 Dimensions: A Review Band Structure of Graphene: Massless Chiral Dirac Electrons in 2 + 1 Dimensions Anomaly - A Brief Introduction Graphene and 2 + 1-Dimensional Parity Anomaly Zitterbewegung Klein Paradox Relativistic-Type Effects and Vacuum Collapse in Graphene in Crossed Electric and Magnetic Fields Prediction of Spin-1 Quanta from Resonating Valence Bond Correlations Majorana Zero Mode from Two-Channel Kondo Effect in Graphene Lattice Deformation as Gauge Fields Summary MAGNETISM OF NANOGRAPHENE Introduction Theoretical Background of Magnetism in Nanographene and Graphene Edges Experimental Approach to Magnetism of Nanographene Magnetic Phenomena Arising in the Interaction with Guest Molecules in Nanographene-Based Nanoporous Carbon Summary PHYSICS OF ELECTRICAL NOISE IN GRAPHENE Introduction Flicker Noise or "1/f ' Noise in Electrical Conductivity of Graphene Noise in Quantum Transport in Graphene at Low Temperature Quantum-Confined Graphene Conclusions and Outlook SUSPENDED GRAPHENE DEVICES FOR NANOELECTROMECHANICS AND FOR THE STUDY OF QUANTUM HALL EFFECT Introduction Quantum Hall Effect in Graphene Fabrication of Suspended Graphene Devices Nanoelectromechanics Using Suspended Graphene Devices Using Suspended Graphene NEMS Devices to Measure Thermal Expansion of Graphene High-Mobility Suspended Graphene Devices to Study Quantum Hall Effect ELECTRONIC AND MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF PATTERNED NANORIBBONS: A DETAILED COMPUTATIONAL STUDY Introduction Experimental Results Theory of GNRs Hydrogenation at the Edges Novel Properties Outlook STONE-WALES DEFECTS IN GRAPHENE AND RELATED TWO-DIMENSIONAL NANOMATERIALS Introduction Computational Methods Graphene: Stone-Wales (SW) Defects C1-x(BN)x/2: C-BN Interfaces Two-Dimensional MoS2 and MoSe2 Summary GRAPHENE AND GRAPHENE-OXIDE-BASED MATERIALS FOR ELECTROCHEMICAL ENERGY SYSTEMS Introduction Graphene-Based Materials for Fuel Cells Graphene-Based Supercapacitors Graphene in Batteries Conclusions and Future Perspectives HETEROGENEOUS CATALYSIS BY METAL NANOPARTICLES SUPPORTED ON GRAPHENE Introduction Synthesis of Graphene and Metal Nanoparticles Supported on Graphene Pd/Graphene Heterogeneous Catalysts for Carbon-Carbon Cross-Coupling Reactions CO Oxidation by Transition-Metal/Metal-Oxide Nanoparticles Supported on Graphene Conclusions and Outlook GRAPHENES IN SUPRAMOLECULAR GELS AND IN BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS Introduction Toward the Gelation of GO Polymer-Assisted Formation of Multifunctional Graphene Gels Graphene Aerogels Hydrogel and Organogel as the Host for the Incorporation of Graphene Biological Applications Involving Graphene Conclusions and Future Directions BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS OF GRAPHENE: OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES Introduction Summary of