Attosecond Nanophysics

Peter Hommelhoff is professor of physics at Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg and associated member of the Max Planck Institute for the Science of light in Erlangen, Germany. He obtained his PhD from Ludwig Maximilian University Munich working in T. W. Hnsch's atom chip group. Together with M. Kasevich at Stanford, he started the field of ultrafast electron emission from nanometric tips, which led to attosecond science with metal nanostructures. He continued this work in his own group at Max Planck Institute for Quantum Optics in Garching, Germany from 2008 to 2013 before moving to Erlangen. Matthias Kling is professor of physics at the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitt (LMU) Mnchen and guest researcher at the Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics (MPQ) in Garching, Germany. His group is associated with the DFG excellence cluster ?Munich Centre for Advanced Photonics? and the Laboratory for Attosecond Physics of F. Krausz. M. Kling received his PhD in 2002 from the University of Goettingen in Germany. He began studying attosecond phenomena as a postdoc for M.J.J. Vrakking at AMOLF in Amsterdam, The Netherlands, and since 2007 develops attosecond science with nanostructures with his own group. He moved on to his current position at LMU after an appointment at the Kansas-State University in Manhattan, Kansas, USA

List of Contributors XI Preface XVII 1 Introduction 1 Matthias F. Kling, Brady C. Steffl, and Peter Hommelhoff 1.1 Attosecond Tools 1 1.1.1 Strong Field Control Using Laser Pulses withWell-Defined Waveforms 1 1.1.2 Attosecond Light Pulses: Tracing Electron Dynamics 3 1.2 Solids in Strong Fields 4 1.3 Attosecond Physics in Isolated Nanosystems 4 1.4 Attosecond Physics on Nanostructured Surfaces 6 1.5 Perspectives 7 References 8 2 Nano-Antennae Assisted Emission of Extreme Ultraviolet Radiation 11 Nils Pfullmann, Monika Noack, Carsten Reinhardt,Milutin Kovacev, and Uwe Morgner 2.1 Introduction and Motivation 11 2.2 Experimental Idea 12 2.3 High-Order Harmonic Generation 14 2.3.1 Semi-Classical Model 15 2.3.2 Macroscopic Effects/Phase-Matching 16 2.3.3 Phase-Matching in the Case of Optical Antennas 18 2.3.4 Field Inhomogeneities 19 2.4 Plasmonics in Intense Laser Fields 20 2.5 Experiments 23 2.5.1 Historical Overview 23 2.5.2 Own Experiments 24 2.5.2.1 Experimental Set-Up 24 2.5.2.2 Experimental Results 26 2.5.2.3 Gas Density 28 2.5.2.4 Spectra 29 2.6 Conclusion and Outlook 31 References 33 3 Ultrafast, Strong-Field Plasmonic Phenomena 39 Peter Dombi and Abdulhakem Y. Elezzabi 3.1 Introduction 39 3.2 Ultrafast Photoemission and Electron Acceleration in Surface Plasmon Fields 43 3.2.1 Photoemission Mechanisms 43 3.2.1.1 Linear Photoemission 43 3.2.1.2 Nonlinear Photoemission and Photocurrents 43 3.2.1.3 Distinction of the Photoemission Regimes 44 3.2.1.4 Multiphoton-Induced Photoemission and Photocurrents 44 3.2.1.5 Above-Threshold Photoemission 46 3.2.1.6 Tunneling Photoemission and Currents 46 3.2.2 Particle Acceleration in Evanescent Surface Plasmon Fields 47 3.3 Research on Surface Plasmon-Enhanced Photoemission and Electron Acceleration 48 3.3.1 Photocurrent Enhancement 48 3.3.2 Strong-Field Photoemission in Plasmonic Fields 50 3.3.3 Electron Acceleration in Plasmonic Fields 51 3.3.4 Modeling and Discussion 53 3.3.4.1 Modeling Tools 53 3.3.4.2 Electromagnetic Wave Dynamics of the Surface Plasmon Field 55 3.3.4.3 Electron Emission Channels and Currents Induced by the Plasmonic Fields 57 3.3.4.4 Particle Acceleration in the Evanescent Field 58 3.3.4.5 Model Results for High-Energy Electron Generation 60 3.3.5 Time-Resolved Studies of Ultrashort Surface Plasmon Wavepackets 62 3.3.5.1 Experiments 62 3.3.5.2 Autocorrelation ReconstructionWithout Fitting Parameters 64 3.3.6 The Carrier-Envelope Phase in Nanoplasmonic Electron Acceleration 66 3.3.7 Non-ponderomotive Effects and Quiver Motion Quenching in Nano-Localized Fields 69 3.3.8 Nanoplasmonic Photoemission from Metal Nanoparticles 75 3.4 Conclusions 79 Acknowledgments 81 References 81 4 Ultrafast Dynamics in Extended Systems 87 Ulf Saalmann and Jan-Michael Rost 4.1 IntroductionWhy Ultrafast Electron Dynamics in Extended Systems? 87 4.2 Multi-Photon Absorption in Extended Systems 89 4.2.1 General Evolution of an Extended System Exposed to an Intense Laser Pulse 89 4.2.2 A Unified Picture on Energy Absorption from Intense Light Fields 91 4.2.3 Hard and Soft Recollisions in Atomic Systems 93 4.2.4 Extended Systems and Optical Swingbys 94 4.2.5 Resonant Absorption by Electron Motion Out of Phase with the Light Field 97 4.3 Coulomb Complexes: A Simple Approach to Ultrafast Electron Dynamics in FEL-Irradiated Extended Systems 99 4.3.1 Photo-Activation 101 4.3.2 The Ionic Background Potential 102 4.3.3 Formation of the Electron Spectra 103 4.3.4 Scaling in the Dynamics of Coulomb Complexes 105 4.4 Nano-Plasma Transients on the Femtosecond Scale 106 4.4.1 Creating and Probing a Dense Non-equilibrium Nano-Plasma by Sub-femtosecond Pump-Probe Pulses 106 4.4.2 Ultrafast Collective Electron Dynamics in Composite Systems 111 4.5 Summary 115 Acknowledgments 115 References 116 5 LightWave Driven Electron Dynamics in Clusters 119 Charl