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Köp båda 2 för 1794 kr1 Introduction.- 2 A Review of the History, Distribution and Foraging Ecology of Sea Otters.- 2.1 Introduction.- 2.2 Evolution.- 2.3 History, Distribution and Present Status of Populations.- 2.4 Diet and Foraging Behavior.- 2.5 Summary.- 3 Sea Otter Foraging Habits and Effects on Prey Populations and Communities in Soft-Bottom Environments.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 Soft-Bottom Foraging Habits.- 3.3 Prey Vulnerability and Patch Dynamics.- 3.4 Substrate Disturbance.- 3.5 Rocky and Soft Substrata.- 3.6 Future Research.- 3.7 Summary.- 4 Effects of Foraging by Sea Otters on Mussel-Dominated Intertidal Communities.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 Models of Mussel-Dominated Communities.- 4.3 Sea Otters as Predators of Mussels.- 4.4 Case 1: Sea Otters and Mussels on the Coast of Central California.- 4.5 Case 2: Sea Otters and Mussels in Prince William Sound, Alaska.- 4.6 Discussion.- 4.7 Summary.- 5 Kelp Communities and Sea Otters: Keystone Species or Just Another Brick in the Wall?.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 Kelp Community Structure.- 5.3 The Otter as a Keystone Species in California: Local or General?.- 5.4 Otter Effects: Geographic and Historical.- 5.5 Beyond Otters.- 5.6 A Model for Structure and Organization.- 5.7 Conclusions.- 5.8 Summary.- 6 Sea Otters, Sea Urchins, and Kelp Beds: Some Questions of Scale.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.2 The Questions.- 6.3 The Evidence.- 6.4 Variation in Space and Time.- 6.5 Directions for Future Research.- 6.6 Summary.- 7 Effects of Sea Otter Foraging on Subtidal Reef Communities off Central California.- 7.1 Introduction.- 7.2 Study Sites.- 7.3 Methods.- 7.4 Results and Discussion.- 7.5 General Discussion and Conclusions.- 7.6 Summary.- 8 Fish Populations in Kelp Forests Without Sea Otters: Effects of Severe Storm Damage and Destructive Sea Urchin Grazing.- 8.1 Introduction.- 8.2 The System.- 8.3 Methods.- 8.4 Results and Discussion.- 8.5 General Discussion and Conclusions.- 8.6 Summary.- 9 The Effects of Kelp Forests on Nearshore Environments: Biomass, Detritus, and Altered Flow.- 9.1 Introduction.- 9.2 Habitat Model.- 9.3 Trophic Model.- 9.4 Hydrodynamic Model.- 9.5 Discussion.- 9.6 Summary.- 10 Sea Otters and Nearshore Benthic Communities: A Theoretical Perspective.- 10.1 Introduction: Regulatory Issues.- 10.2 Ecological and Regulatory Parallels.- 10.3 Measures of Ecosystem Health.- 10.4 Risk Assessment: Predicting Fate, Transport, and Effects of Otters.- 10.5 Summary.- 11 Concluding Remarks.- 11.1 Introduction.- 11.2 Patterns, Processes and Paradigms in Communities Occupied by Sea Otters A View Among Systems, and Through Space and Time.- 11.3 Variation in Community Structure.- 11.4 Future Research Needs.- 11.5 The Approach to Variation A Philosophical Perspective.- References.